Instructions
The bibliography lists all references used in the online course. The View by Topic selection organizes the references sequentially by Module, Lesson, and subsections in the lessons. The View by Author lists the authors in alphabetical order.
Bibliography
The bibliography lists all references used in the online course. The View by Topic selection organizes the references sequentially by Module, Lesson, and subsections in the lessons. The View by Author lists the authors in alphabetical order.
- Topics:
- 1.1. Basic Principles and Rationale for HIV PrEP
- 1.1.1. Background
- 1.1.2. Coverage and Goals for HIV PrEP in the United States
- 1.1.3. Data to Support HIV PrEP
- 1.1.4. Addressing Stigma and Barriers Related to HIV PrEP Use
- 1.1.A. Additional References
- 1.2. Identifying Candidates for HIV PrEP
- 1.2.1. Background
- 1.2.2. Epidemiology of Recent HIV Infections in the United States
- 1.2.3. Assessing HIV PrEP Indications in Sexually Active Persons
- 1.2.4. Assessing Indications for HIV PrEP in People Who Inject Drugs
- 1.2.5. Obtaining a Sexual History
- 1.2.6. HIV PrEP Tools for Clinicians: Assessment
- 1.3. HIV PrEP Medications and Dosing Options
- 1.3.2. HIV PrEP Medications
- 1.3.4. On-Demand (2-1-1) Oral HIV PrEP
- 1.3.A. Additional References
- 1.4. Baseline Evaluation and Starting HIV PrEP
- 1.4.1. Baseline Assessment Overview
- 1.4.2. Baseline Laboratory Evaluation Prior to Starting HIV PrEP
- 1.4.3. Starting HIV PrEP
- 1.4.4. Adherence with HIV PrEP
- 1.4.5. Same-Day HIV PrEP
- 1.4.6. Time for Protection after Starting HIV PrEP Medications
- 1.5. Follow-Up Care and Monitoring on HIV PrEP
- 1.5.2. Follow-Up and Monitoring of Persons Receiving HIV PrEP
- 1.5.3. Discontinuing HIV PrEP
- 1.5.4. Acquisition of HIV in Persons Prescribed HIV PrEP
- 1.5.5. Diagnosing HIV in Persons Prescribed HIV PrEP
- 1.5.6. HIV Drug Resistance in Persons Prescribed HIV PrEP
- 1.5.7. Management of Persons on HIV PrEP Newly Diagnosed with HIV
- 2.1. HIV PrEP for Adolescents and Young Adults
- 2.1.1. Background and HIV PrEP Coverage in Youth
- 2.1.2. Epidemiology of STIs and HIV in Youth
- 2.1.3. Evidence for HIV PrEP in Youth
- 2.1.4. Clinic Visits and Obtaining a Sexual History in Adolescents
- 2.1.5. Assessing for HIV PrEP in Youth
- 2.1.6. HIV PrEP Medications for Youth
- 2.1.7. Baseline Laboratory Evaluation
- 2.1.8. Medication Adherence
- 2.1.9. Follow-Up and Laboratory Monitoring
- 2.1.10. Legal and Insurance Issues
- 2.2. HIV PrEP for Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
- 2.2.1. Background
- 2.2.3. Epidemiology of HIV Among Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
- 2.2.4. HIV PrEP Data in Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
- 2.2.5. Drug Interactions between HIV PrEP Medications and Gender-Affirming Hormones
- 2.2.6. Obtaining a Sexual History with Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
- 2.2.7. Indications for HIV PrEP with Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
- 2.2.8. HIV PrEP Medication Options for Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
- 2.2.9. Baseline and Follow-Up Laboratory Evaluation
- 2.2.10. Time to Achieve Protection After Initiating PrEP
- 2.2.11. Addressing Barriers to HIV PrEP for Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
- 2.3. HIV PrEP for Cisgender Women and Pregnant Persons
- 2.3.1. Background
- 2.3.2. Epidemiology of HIV in Cisgender Women
- 2.3.3. Evidence for HIV PrEP in Cisgender Women
- 2.3.4. Evidence for HIV PrEP in Pregnant People and During Breastfeeding
- 2.3.5. HIV PrEP Indications for Cisgender Women and Pregnant People
- 2.3.6. Recommended HIV PrEP Medication Options for Cisgender Women and Pregnant People
- 2.3.7. Interaction of HIV PrEP Medications with Hormonal Contraception
- 2.3.8. Baseline Laboratory Evaluation
- 2.3.9. Time to Achieve Protection After Initiating PrEP
- 2.3.10. Follow-Up and Laboratory Monitoring
- 2.3.A. Additional References
- 2.4. HIV PrEP for People Who Inject Drugs
- 2.4.1. Background
- 2.4.2. Epidemiology of HIV among PWID
- 2.4.3. Factors Associated with Increased Risk for HIV Among PWID
- 2.4.4. Evidence for HIV PrEP Among PWID
- 2.4.5. Assessing Indications for HIV PrEP Among PWID
- 2.4.6. Recommended HIV PrEP Medications for PWID
- 2.4.7. Baseline Laboratory Evaluation
- 2.4.9. Follow-Up and Laboratory Monitoring
- 2.4.10. Implementation of HIV PrEP for PWID
- 2.4.11. Additional Care Services for PWID
- 2.5. Same Day (Rapid) Start for Oral HIV PrEP
- 2.5.1. Background
- 2.5.3. Experience for Same Day HIV PrEP
- 2.5.4. Providing Same Day HIV PrEP
- 2.5.5. Potential Concerns with Same-Day HIV PrEP
- 2.6. Providing HIV PrEP in Sexual Health Clinic Settings
- 2.6.1. Background
- 2.6.2. Rationale for Providing HIV PrEP in Sexual Health Clinics
- 2.6.3. Evidence for Providing HIV PrEP in Sexual Health Clinics
- 2.6.4. Identifying HIV PrEP Candidates in Sexual Health Clinics
- 2.6.5. Identifying and Addressing Barriers in Sexual Health Clinics
- 2.6.6. Optimizing Implementation of HIV PrEP in Sexual Health Clinics
- 2.6.7. HIV PrEP Follow-Up and Ongoing Care
- 2.6.10. Summary Points
- 2.6.A. Additional References
Module 1. HIV PrEP Fundamentals
Lesson 1. Basic Principles and Rationale for HIV PrEP
Background
Castillo-Mancilla JR, Zheng JH, Rower JE, et al. Tenofovir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots for determining recent and cumulative drug exposure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2013;29:384-90.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through March 2023; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through December 2022. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2023;4(2). Published June 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through September 2022; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through June 2022. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2022;3(No. 4). Published December 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through September 2022; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through June 2023. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2023;4(No. 4). Published December 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2015–2019. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2021;26(No. 1):1-81. Published May 2021.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2017–2021. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2023;28(3). Published May 2023.
CDC»Choopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasamai P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013;381:2083-90.
PubMed Abstract»Grant RM, Anderson PL, McMahan V, et al. Uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis, sexual practices, and HIV incidence in men and transgender women who have sex with men: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:820-9.
PubMed Abstract»US Preventive Services Task Force, Owens DK, Davidson KW, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2019;321:2203-13.
PubMed Abstract»US Preventive Services Task Force; Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Acquisition of HIV: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2023;330:736-45.
PubMed Abstract»Coverage and Goals for HIV PrEP in the United States
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through March 2023; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through December 2022. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2023;4(2). Published June 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through September 2022; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through June 2022. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2022;3(No. 4). Published December 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through September 2022; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through June 2023. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2023;4(No. 4). Published December 2023.
CDC»Fauci AS, Redfield RR, Sigounas G, Weahkee MD, Giroir BP. Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for the United States. JAMA. 2019;321:844-845.
PubMed Abstract»Data to Support HIV PrEP
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Delany-Moretlwe S, Hughes JP, Bock P, et al. Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1779–89.
PubMed Abstract»Deutsch MB, Glidden DV, Sevelius J, et al. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in transgender women: a subgroup analysis of the iPrEx trial. Lancet HIV. 2015;2:e512-9.
PubMed Abstract»Hosek SG, Landovitz RJ, Kapogiannis B, et al. Safety and Feasibility of Antiretroviral Preexposure Prophylaxis for Adolescent Men Who Have Sex With Men Aged 15 to 17 Years in the United States. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171:1063-71.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Donnell D, Clement ME, et al. Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:595-608.
PubMed Abstract»Molina JM, Capitant C, Spire B, et al. On-demand preexposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2237-46.
PubMed Abstract»Addressing Stigma and Barriers Related to HIV PrEP Use
Allen DC, Rabionet SE, Popovici I, Zorrilla CD. Acknowledging and addressing the gender disparity in pre-exposure prophylaxis use for HIV prevention. J Pharm Health Serv Res. 2022;13:168-71.
PubMed Abstract»Bhatta DN, Hecht J, Facente SN. Factors associated with stigma related to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use among men who have sex with men (MSM). Sex Transm Infect. 2022;98:592-4.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through March 2023; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through December 2022. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2023;4(2). Published June 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through September 2022; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through June 2022. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2022;3(No. 4). Published December 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through September 2022; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through June 2023. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2023;4(No. 4). Published December 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Issue Brief: Status Neutral HIV Care and Service Delivery Eliminating Stigma and Reducing Health Disparities.
CDC»Doherty R, Walsh JL, Quinn KG, John SA. Association of Race and Other Social Determinants of Health With HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Use: A County-Level Analysis Using the PrEP-to-Need Ratio. AIDS Educ Prev. 2022;34:183-194.
PubMed Abstract»Hojilla JC, Hurley LB, Marcus JL, et al. Characterization of HIV preexposure prophylaxis use behaviors and HIV incidence among US adults in an integrated health care system. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e2122692.
PubMed Abstract»Kamitani E, Johnson WD, Wichser ME, Adegbite AH, Mullins MM, Sipe TA. Growth in Proportion and Disparities of HIV PrEP Use Among Key Populations Identified in the United States National Goals: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Published Surveys. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;84:379-86.
PubMed Abstract»Kanny D, Jeffries WL 4th, Chapin-Bardales J, et al. Racial/Ethnic Disparities in HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Men Who Have Sex with Men - 23 Urban Areas, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:801-6.
PubMed Abstract»Kelley CF, Kahle E, Siegler A, et al. Applying a PrEP Continuum of Care for Men Who Have Sex With Men in Atlanta, Georgia. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:1590-7.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Agwu A, Malebranche D. Barriers to the Wider Use of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the United States: A Narrative Review. Adv Ther. 2020;37:1778-1811.
PubMed Abstract»McManus KA, Powers S, Killelea A, Tello-Trillo S, Rogawski McQuade E. Regional Disparities in Qualified Health Plans' Prior Authorization Requirements for HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e207445.
PubMed Abstract»Patel RR, Mena L, Nunn A, et al. Impact of insurance coverage on utilization of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0178737.
PubMed Abstract»Powers SD, Rogawski McQuade ET, Killelea A, Horn T, McManus KA. Worsening Disparities in State-Level Uptake of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis, 2014-2018. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8:ofab293.
PubMed Abstract»Shover CL, Javanbakht M, Shoptaw S, et al. HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Initiation at a Large Community Clinic: Differences Between Eligibility, Awareness, and Uptake. Am J Public Health. 2018;108:1408-17.
PubMed Abstract»Siegler AJ, Bratcher A, Weiss KM, Mouhanna F, Ahlschlager L, Sullivan PS. Location location location: an exploration of disparities in access to publicly listed pre-exposure prophylaxis clinics in the United States. Ann Epidemiol. 2018;28:858-64.
PubMed Abstract»Additional References
Aaron E, Blum C, Seidman D, et al. Optimizing Delivery of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis for Women in the United States. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2018;32:16-23.
PubMed Abstract»Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:399-410.
PubMed Abstract»Blackstock OJ, Moore BA, Berkenblit GV, et al. A Cross-Sectional Online Survey of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adoption Among Primary Care Physicians. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32:62-70.
PubMed Abstract»Bonett S, Meanley S, Elsesser S, Bauermeister J. State-Level Discrimination Policies And HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adoption Efforts In The US. Health Aff (Millwood). 2020;39:1575-82.
PubMed Abstract»Bosco SC, Pawson M, Parsons JT, Starks TJ. Biomedical HIV Prevention among Gay Male Couples: A Qualitative Study of Motivations and Concerns. J Homosex. 2021;68:1353-70.
PubMed Abstract»Calabrese SK, Krakower DS, Mayer KH. Integrating HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Into Routine Preventive Health Care to Avoid Exacerbating Disparities. Am J Public Health. 2017;107:1883-9.
PubMed Abstract»Calabrese SK. Understanding, Contextualizing, and Addressing PrEP Stigma to Enhance PrEP Implementation. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2020;17:579-88.
PubMed Abstract»Costiniuk CT, Fergusson DA, Doucette S, Angel JB. Discontinuation of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis with CD4 count <200 cells/µL and virologic suppression: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2011:6: e28570.
PubMed Abstract»Evans KN, Hassan R, Townes A, Buchacz K, Smith DK. The Potential of Telecommunication Technology to Address Racial/Ethnic Disparities in HIV PrEP Awareness, Uptake, Adherence, and Persistence in Care: A Review. AIDS Behav. 2022;26:3878-88.
PubMed Abstract»Garrison LE, Haberer JE. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Uptake, Adherence, and Persistence: A Narrative Review of Interventions in the U.S. Am J Prev Med. 2021;61:S73-S86.
PubMed Abstract»Golub SA. PrEP Stigma: Implicit and Explicit Drivers of Disparity. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2018;15:190-7.
PubMed Abstract»Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2587-99.
PubMed Abstract»Herron PD. Current Perspectives on the Impact of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Stigma Regarding Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States. HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2020;12:187-92.
PubMed Abstract»Hosek SG, Rudy B, Landovitz R, et al. An HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Demonstration Project and Safety Study for Young MSM. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74:21-9.
PubMed Abstract»Jaiswal J, Halkitis PN. Towards a More Inclusive and Dynamic Understanding of Medical Mistrust Informed by Science. Behav Med. 2019;45:79-85.
PubMed Abstract»Kerr J, Ayangeakaa S, Bullock NAA, et al. A Qualitative Exploration of Various Stigmas Impacting HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among African American Young Adults. Fam Community Health. 2022;45:218-27.
PubMed Abstract»Kerr J, Ayangeakaa S, Combs R, et al. Community-Informed Development of a Campaign to Increase HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Awareness Among African-American Young Adults. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2021;8:901-11.
PubMed Abstract»Kimball D, Rivera D, Gonzales M 4th, Blashill AJ. Medical Mistrust and the PrEP Cascade Among Latino Sexual Minority Men. AIDS Behav. 2020;24:3456-61.
PubMed Abstract»Lama JR, Mayer KH, Perez-Brumer AG, et al. Integration of Gender-Affirming Primary Care and Peer Navigation With HIV Prevention and Treatment Services to Improve the Health of Transgender Women: Protocol for a Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study. JMIR Res Protoc. 2019;8:e14091.
PubMed Abstract»Mann-Jackson L, Alonzo J, Garcia M, et al. Using community-based participatory research to address STI/HIV disparities and social determinants of health among young GBMSM and transgender women of colour in North Carolina, USA. Health Soc Care Community. 2021;29:e192-e203.
PubMed Abstract»Matacotta JJ, Rosales-Perez FJ, Carrillo CM. HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis and Treatment as Prevention - Beliefs and Access Barriers in Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) and Transgender Women: A Systematic Review. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2020;7:265-74.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Chan PA, R Patel R, Flash CA, Krakower DS. Evolving Models and Ongoing Challenges for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Implementation in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;77:119-27.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Molina JM, Thompson MA, et al. Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (DISCOVER): primary results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2020;396:239-54.
PubMed Abstract»McCormack S, Dunn DT, Desai M, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial. Lancet. 2016;387:53-60.
PubMed Abstract»O'Malley TL, Krier SE, Bainbridge M, Hawk ME, Egan JE, Burke JG. Women's perspectives on barriers to potential PrEP uptake for HIV prevention: HIV risk assessment, relationship dynamics and stigma. Cult Health Sex. 2022:1-15.
PubMed Abstract»Panel on Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Updated: March 28, 2019.
HIV.gov»Price DM, Unger Z, Wu Y, Meyers K, Golub SA. Clinic-Level Strategies for Mitigating Structural and Interpersonal HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Stigma. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2022;36:115-22.
PubMed Abstract»Reisner SL, Jadwin-Cakmak L, White Hughto JM, Martinez M, Salomon L, Harper GW. Characterizing the HIV Prevention and Care Continua in a Sample of Transgender Youth in the U.S. AIDS Behav. 2017;21:3312-27.
PubMed Abstract»Rich KM, Bia J, Altice FL, Feinberg J. Integrated Models of Care for Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder: How Do We Prevent HIV and HCV? Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2018;15:266-75.
PubMed Abstract»Sevelius JM, Keatley J, Calma N, Arnold E. 'I am not a man': Trans-specific barriers and facilitators to PrEP acceptability among transgender women. Glob Public Health. 2016;11:1060-75.
PubMed Abstract»Smith DK, Mendoza MC, Stryker JE, Rose CE. PrEP Awareness and Attitudes in a National Survey of Primary Care Clinicians in the United States, 2009-2015. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0156592.
PubMed Abstract»Srikanth K, Killelea A, Strumpf A, Corbin-Gutierrez E, Horn T, McManus KA. Associated Costs Are a Barrier to HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Access in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2022;112:834-8.
PubMed Abstract»Stephenson R, Chavanduka TMD, Sullivan SP, Mitchell JW. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Stigma and Beliefs in the Efficacy of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: An Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Survey of Male Couples in the United States. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2022;33:406-20.
PubMed Abstract»Tebas P, Zhang J, Hafner R, et al. Peripheral and visceral fat changes following a treatment switch to a non-thymidine analogue or a nucleoside-sparing regimen in HIV-infected subjects with peripheral lipoatrophy: results of ACTG A5110. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:998-1005.
PubMed Abstract»Thigpen MC, Kebaabetswe PM, Paxton LA, et al. Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in Botswana. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:423-34.
PubMed Abstract»Watson CW, Pasipanodya E, Savin MJ, et al. Barriers and Facilitators to PrEP Initiation and Adherence Among Transgender and Gender Non-Binary Individuals in Southern California. AIDS Educ Prev. 2020;32:472-85.
PubMed Abstract»Wilson EC, Turner CM, Arayasirikul S, et al. Disparities in the PrEP continuum for trans women compared to MSM in San Francisco, California: results from population-based cross-sectional behavioural surveillance studies. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23 Suppl 3:e25539.
PubMed Abstract»Zhang C, McMahon J, Fiscella K, et al. HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Implementation Cascade Among Health Care Professionals in the United States: Implications from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33:507-27.
PubMed Abstract»Lesson 2. Identifying Candidates for HIV PrEP
Background
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Gandhi RT, Bedimo R, Hoy JF, et al. Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2022 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2023;329:63-84.
PubMed Abstract»Epidemiology of Recent HIV Infections in the United States
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2020. HIV Surveillance Report, 2022; vol. 33:1-143. Published May 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2015–2019. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2021;26(No. 1):1-81. Published May 2021.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2017–2021. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2023;28(3). Published May 2023.
CDC»Fauci AS, Redfield RR, Sigounas G, Weahkee MD, Giroir BP. Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for the United States. JAMA. 2019;321:844-845.
PubMed Abstract»Assessing HIV PrEP Indications in Sexually Active Persons
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2015–2019. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2021;26(No. 1):1-81. Published May 2021.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2017–2021. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2023;28(3). Published May 2023.
CDC»Assessing Indications for HIV PrEP in People Who Inject Drugs
Biello KB, Bazzi AR, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Perspectives on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) utilization and related intervention needs among people who inject drugs. Harm Reduct J. 2018;15:55.
PubMed Abstract»Burnett JC, Broz D, Spiller MW, Wejnert C, Paz-Bailey G. HIV Infection and HIV-Associated Behaviors Among Persons Who Inject Drugs - 20 Cities, United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:23-8.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2015–2019. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2021;26(No. 1):1-81. Published May 2021.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2017–2021. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2023;28(3). Published May 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Infection, Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors among Persons Who Inject Drugs National HIV Behavioral Surveillance: Injection Drug Use, 23 U.S. Cities, 2018. HIV Surveillance Special Report 24:1-43. Revised edition: Published February 2020.
CDC»Lansky A, Finlayson T, Johnson C, et al. Estimating the number of persons who inject drugs in the united states by meta-analysis to calculate national rates of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections. PLoS One. 2014;9:e97596.
PubMed Abstract»Lyss SB, Buchacz K, McClung RP, Asher A, Oster AM. Responding to Outbreaks of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Persons Who Inject Drugs-United States, 2016-2019: Perspectives on Recent Experience and Lessons Learned. J Infect Dis. 2020;222:S239-S249.
PubMed Abstract»Obtaining a Sexual History
Reno H, Park I, Workowski KA, Aliza Machefsky AM, Bachmann LH. Guide to Taking a Sexual History. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CS324772-A; CDC Publication 30-0166.
CDC»HIV PrEP Tools for Clinicians: Assessment
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Calabrese SK, Krakower DS, Mayer KH. Integrating HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Into Routine Preventive Health Care to Avoid Exacerbating Disparities. Am J Public Health. 2017;107:1883-9.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: clinical providers’
supplement. December 2021:1-53.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2017–2021. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2023;28(3). Published May 2023.
CDC»Currier JS, Williams PL, Koletar SL, et al. Discontinuation of Mycobacterium avium complex prophylaxis in patients with antiretroviral therapy-induced increases in CD4+ cell count. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 362 Study Team. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:493-503.
PubMed Abstract»El-Sadr WM, Burman WJ, Grant LB, et al. Discontinuation of prophylaxis for Mycobacterium avium complex disease in HIV-infected patients who have a response to antiretroviral therapy. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1085-92.
PubMed Abstract»Fauci AS, Redfield RR, Sigounas G, Weahkee MD, Giroir BP. Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for the United States. JAMA. 2019;321:844-845.
PubMed Abstract»Lama JR, Mayer KH, Perez-Brumer AG, et al. Integration of Gender-Affirming Primary Care and Peer Navigation With HIV Prevention and Treatment Services to Improve the Health of Transgender Women: Protocol for a Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study. JMIR Res Protoc. 2019;8:e14091.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Chan PA, R Patel R, Flash CA, Krakower DS. Evolving Models and Ongoing Challenges for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Implementation in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;77:119-27.
PubMed Abstract»Panel on Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Mycobacterium avium complex disease. Updated: February 15, 2019.
HIV.gov»Pathela P, Jamison K, Blank S, Daskalakis D, Hedberg T, Borges C. The HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Cascade at NYC Sexual Health Clinics: Navigation Is the Key to Uptake. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;83:357-64.
PubMed Abstract»Shover CL, Javanbakht M, Shoptaw S, et al. HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Initiation at a Large Community Clinic: Differences Between Eligibility, Awareness, and Uptake. Am J Public Health. 2018;108:1408-17.
PubMed Abstract»Smith DK, Mendoza MC, Stryker JE, Rose CE. PrEP Awareness and Attitudes in a National Survey of Primary Care Clinicians in the United States, 2009-2015. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0156592.
PubMed Abstract»Srikanth K, Killelea A, Strumpf A, Corbin-Gutierrez E, Horn T, McManus KA. Associated Costs Are a Barrier to HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Access in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2022;112:834-8.
PubMed Abstract»Trottier B, Lake JE, Logue K, et al. Dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine versus current ART in virally suppressed patients (STRIIVING): a 48-week, randomized, non-inferiority, open-label, Phase IIIb study. Antivir Ther. 2017;22:295-305.
PubMed Abstract»Zhang C, McMahon J, Fiscella K, et al. HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Implementation Cascade Among Health Care Professionals in the United States: Implications from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33:507-27.
PubMed Abstract»Lesson 3. HIV PrEP Medications and Dosing Options
HIV PrEP Medications
Ard KL, Walensky RP. Payments for Preexposure Prophylaxis in the United States: Too Much for Too Few. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173:844-5.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Delany-Moretlwe S, Hughes JP, Bock P, et al. Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1779–89.
PubMed Abstract»Glidden DV, Mulligan K, McMahan V, et al. Brief Report: Recovery of Bone Mineral Density After Discontinuation of Tenofovir-Based HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;76:177-182.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Donnell D, Clement ME, et al. Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:595-608.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Li S, Eron JJ Jr, et al. Tail-phase safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable cabotegravir in HIV-uninfected adults: a secondary analysis of the HPTN 077 trial. Lancet HIV. 2020;7:e472-e481.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Molina JM, Thompson MA, et al. Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (DISCOVER): primary results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2020;396:239-54.
PubMed Abstract»Mirembe BG, Kelly CW, Mgodi N, et al. Bone Mineral Density Changes Among Young, Healthy African Women Receiving Oral Tenofovir for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;71:287-94.
PubMed Abstract»Mugwanya K, Baeten J, Celum C, et al. Low risk of proximal tubular dysfunction associated with emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate preexposure prophylaxis in men and women. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:1050-7.
PubMed Abstract»Mugwanya KK, Wyatt C, Celum C, et al. Changes in glomerular kidney function among HIV-1-uninfected men and women receiving emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate preexposure prophylaxis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:246-54.
PubMed Abstract»Mugwanya KK, Wyatt C, Celum C, et al. Reversibility of glomerular renal function decline in HIV-uninfected men and women discontinuing emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate pre-exposure prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;71:374-80.
PubMed Abstract»Mulligan K, Glidden DV, Anderson PL, et al. Effects of Emtricitabine/Tenofovir on Bone Mineral Density in HIV-Negative Persons in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:572-80.
PubMed Abstract»Walensky RP, Horn T, McCann NC, Freedberg KA, Paltiel AD. Comparative Pricing of Branded Tenofovir Alafenamide-Emtricitabine Relative to Generic Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate-Emtricitabine for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172:583-590.
PubMed Abstract»On-Demand (2-1-1) Oral HIV PrEP
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Gandhi RT, Bedimo R, Hoy JF, et al. Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2022 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2023;329:63-84.
PubMed Abstract»Molina JM, Capitant C, Spire B, et al. On-demand preexposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2237-46.
PubMed Abstract»Additional References
Antoni G, Tremblay C, Delaugerre C, et al. On-demand pre-exposure prophylaxis with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus emtricitabine among men who have sex with men with less frequent sexual intercourse: a post-hoc analysis of the ANRS IPERGAY trial. Lancet HIV. 2020;7:e113-e120.
PubMed Abstract»Bozzette SA, Finkelstein DM, Spector SA, et al. A randomized trial of three antipneumocystis agents in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:693-9.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: clinical providers’
supplement. December 2021:1-53.
CDC»Delany-Moretlwe S, Hughes JP, Bock P, et al. Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1779–89.
PubMed Abstract»Gandhi RT, Bedimo R, Hoy JF, et al. Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2022 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2023;329:63-84.
PubMed Abstract»Hirschel B, Lazzarin A, Chopard P, et al. A controlled study of inhaled pentamidine for primary prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1079-83.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Donnell D, Clement ME, et al. Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:595-608.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Molina JM, Thompson MA, et al. Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (DISCOVER): primary results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2020;396:239-54.
PubMed Abstract»Molina JM, Capitant C, Spire B, et al. On-demand preexposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2237-46.
PubMed Abstract»Molina JM, Charreau I, Spire B, et al. Efficacy, safety, and effect on sexual behaviour of on-demand pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in men who have sex with men: an observational cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2017;4:e402-e410.
PubMed Abstract»Molina JM, Ghosn J, Assoumou L, et al. Daily and on-demand HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis with emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil (ANRS PREVENIR): a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2022;9:e554-e562.
PubMed Abstract»Moyle GJ, Sabin CA, Cartledge J, et al. A randomized comparative trial of tenofovir DF or abacavir as replacement for a thymidine analogue in persons with lipoatrophy. AIDS. 2006;20:2043-50.
PubMed Abstract»Lesson 4. Baseline Evaluation and Starting HIV PrEP
Baseline Assessment Overview
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Daar ES, Pilcher CD, Hecht FM. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of primary HIV-1 infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2008;3:10-5.
PubMed Abstract»Baseline Laboratory Evaluation Prior to Starting HIV PrEP
AASLD/IDSA. Recommendations for testing, management, and treating hepatitis C. HCV testing and linkage to care.
AASLD/IDSA Hepatitis C Guidance»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Discordant results from reverse sequence syphilis screening--five laboratories, United States, 2006-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:133-7.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Conners EE, Panagiotakopoulos L, Hofmeister MG, et al. Screening and Testing for Hepatitis B Virus Infection: CDC Recommendations - United States, 2023. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2023;72:1-25.
PubMed Abstract»Panel on Treatment of HIV During Pregnancy and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission. Recommendations for the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs During Pregnancy and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to Prevent HIV During Periconception, Antepartum, and Postpartum Periods. January 31, 2023.
HIV.gov»Satyaputra F, Hendry S, Braddick M, Sivabalan P, Norton R. The Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis. J Clin Microbiol. 2021;59:e0010021.
PubMed Abstract»Schillie S, Wester C, Osborne M, Wesolowski L, Ryerson AB. CDC Recommendations for Hepatitis C Screening Among Adults - United States, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020;69:1-17.
PubMed Abstract»Starting HIV PrEP
Castillo-Mancilla JR, Zheng JH, Rower JE, et al. Tenofovir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots for determining recent and cumulative drug exposure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2013;29:384-90.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Cottrell ML, Yang KH, Prince HM, et al. A translational pharmacology approach to predicting outcomes of preexposure prophylaxis against HIV in men and women using tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with or without emtricitabine. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:55-64.
PubMed Abstract»Delany-Moretlwe S, Hughes JP, Bock P, et al. Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1779–89.
PubMed Abstract»Glidden DV, Amico KR, Liu AY, et al. Symptoms, Side Effects and Adherence in the iPrEx Open-Label Extension. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:1172-7.
PubMed Abstract»Glidden DV, Mulligan K, McMahan V, et al. Brief Report: Recovery of Bone Mineral Density After Discontinuation of Tenofovir-Based HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;76:177-182.
PubMed Abstract»Grant RM, Anderson PL, McMahan V, et al. Uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis, sexual practices, and HIV incidence in men and transgender women who have sex with men: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:820-9.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Donnell D, Clement ME, et al. Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:595-608.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Li S, Eron JJ Jr, et al. Tail-phase safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable cabotegravir in HIV-uninfected adults: a secondary analysis of the HPTN 077 trial. Lancet HIV. 2020;7:e472-e481.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Molina JM, Thompson MA, et al. Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (DISCOVER): primary results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2020;396:239-54.
PubMed Abstract»Mirembe BG, Kelly CW, Mgodi N, et al. Bone Mineral Density Changes Among Young, Healthy African Women Receiving Oral Tenofovir for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;71:287-94.
PubMed Abstract»Mugwanya K, Baeten J, Celum C, et al. Low risk of proximal tubular dysfunction associated with emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate preexposure prophylaxis in men and women. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:1050-7.
PubMed Abstract»Mugwanya KK, Wyatt C, Celum C, et al. Changes in glomerular kidney function among HIV-1-uninfected men and women receiving emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate preexposure prophylaxis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:246-54.
PubMed Abstract»Mugwanya KK, Wyatt C, Celum C, et al. Reversibility of glomerular renal function decline in HIV-uninfected men and women discontinuing emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate pre-exposure prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;71:374-80.
PubMed Abstract»Mulligan K, Glidden DV, Anderson PL, et al. Effects of Emtricitabine/Tenofovir on Bone Mineral Density in HIV-Negative Persons in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:572-80.
PubMed Abstract»Tang EC, Vittinghoff E, Anderson PL, et al. Changes in Kidney Function Associated With Daily Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Use in the United States Demonstration Project. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;77:193-8.
PubMed Abstract»Adherence with HIV PrEP
Garcia-Cremades M, Vučićević K, Hendrix CW, et al. Characterizing HIV-Preventive, Plasma Tenofovir Concentrations-A Pooled Participant-level Data Analysis From Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis Clinical Trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75:1873-82.
PubMed Abstract»Same-Day HIV PrEP
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Khosropour CM, Backus KV, Means AR, et al. A Pharmacist-Led, Same-Day, HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Initiation Program to Increase PrEP Uptake and Decrease Time to PrEP Initiation. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2020;34:1-6.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Agwu A, Malebranche D. Barriers to the Wider Use of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the United States: A Narrative Review. Adv Ther. 2020;37:1778-1811.
PubMed Abstract»Rowan SE, Patel RR, Schneider JA, Smith DK. Same-day prescribing of daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention. Lancet HIV. 2021;8:e114-e120.
PubMed Abstract»Rusie LK, Orengo C, Burrell D, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis Initiation and Retention in Care Over 5 Years, 2012-2017: Are Quarterly Visits Too Much? Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67:283-287.
PubMed Abstract»Time for Protection after Starting HIV PrEP Medications
Callebaut C, Stepan G, Tian Y, Miller MD. In Vitro Virology Profile of Tenofovir Alafenamide, a Novel Oral Prodrug of Tenofovir with Improved Antiviral Activity Compared to That of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:5909-16.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Cottrell ML, Yang KH, Prince HM, et al. A translational pharmacology approach to predicting outcomes of preexposure prophylaxis against HIV in men and women using tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with or without emtricitabine. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:55-64.
PubMed Abstract»Delany-Moretlwe S, Hughes JP, Bock P, et al. Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1779–89.
PubMed Abstract»Dumond JB, Yeh RF, Patterson KB, et al. Antiretroviral drug exposure in the female genital tract: implications for oral pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis. AIDS. 2007;21:1899-907.
PubMed Abstract»Gandhi RT, Bedimo R, Hoy JF, et al. Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2022 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2023;329:63-84.
PubMed Abstract»Han K, Baker M, Lovern M, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of cabotegravir following administration of oral tablet and long-acting intramuscular injection in adult HIV-1-infected and uninfected subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;88:4607-22.
PubMed Abstract»Hendrix CW, Andrade A, Bumpus NN, et al. Dose Frequency Ranging Pharmacokinetic Study of Tenofovir-Emtricitabine After Directly Observed Dosing in Healthy Volunteers to Establish Adherence Benchmarks (HPTN 066). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2016;32:32-43.
PubMed Abstract»Hodge D, Back DJ, Gibbons S, Khoo SH, Marzolini C. Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Long-Acting Intramuscular Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2021;60:835-53.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Donnell D, Clement ME, et al. Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:595-608.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Li S, Grinsztejn B, et al. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable cabotegravir in low-risk HIV-uninfected individuals: HPTN 077, a phase 2a randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2018;15:e1002690.
PubMed Abstract»Molina JM, Capitant C, Spire B, et al. On-demand preexposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2237-46.
PubMed Abstract»Patterson KB, Prince HA, Kraft E, et al. Penetration of tenofovir and emtricitabine in mucosal tissues: implications for prevention of HIV-1 transmission. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3:112re4.
PubMed Abstract»Ray AS, Fordyce MW, Hitchcock MJ. Tenofovir alafenamide: A novel prodrug of tenofovir for the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Antiviral Res. 2016;125:63-70.
PubMed Abstract»Shaik JS, Weld ED, Edick S, et al. Multicompartmental pharmacokinetic evaluation of long-acting cabotegravir in healthy adults for HIV preexposure prophylaxis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;88:1667-78.
PubMed Abstract»Thurman AR, Schwartz JL, Cottrell ML, et al. Safety and Pharmacokinetics of a Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate-Emtricitabine based Oral Antiretroviral Regimen for Prevention of HIV Acquisition in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;36:100893.
PubMed Abstract»Bruxvoort KJ, Schumacher CM, Towner W, et al. Referral Linkage to Preexposure Prophylaxis Care and Persistence on Preexposure Prophylaxis in an Integrated Health Care System. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;87:918-927.
PubMed Abstract»Castillo-Mancilla JR, Zheng JH, Rower JE, et al. Tenofovir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots for determining recent and cumulative drug exposure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2013;29:384-90.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Chernesky MA, Hook EW 3rd, Martin DH, et al. Women find it easy and prefer to collect their own vaginal swabs to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32:729-33.
PubMed Abstract»Cottrell ML, Garrett KL, Prince HMA, et al. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of tenofovir alafenamide and its active metabolite in the mucosal tissues. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72:1731-40.
PubMed Abstract»Cottrell ML, Prince HMA, Schauer AP, et al. Decreased tenofovir diphosphate concentrations in a transgender female cohort: implications for human immunodeficiency virus preexposure prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69:2201-4.
PubMed Abstract»Coy KC, Hazen RJ, Kirkham HS, Delpino A, Siegler AJ. Persistence on HIV preexposure prophylaxis medication over a 2-year period among a national sample of 7148 PrEP users, United States, 2015 to 2017. J Int AIDS Soc. 2019;22:e25252.
PubMed Abstract»Dejesus E, Young B, Morales-Ramirez JO, et al. Simplification of antiretroviral therapy to a single-tablet regimen consisting of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus unmodified antiretroviral therapy in virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51:163-74.
PubMed Abstract»Delany-Moretlwe S, Hughes JP, Bock P, et al. Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1779–89.
PubMed Abstract»Eshleman SH, Fogel JM, Halvas EK, et al. HIV RNA Screening Reduces Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor Resistance Risk in Persons Receiving Long-Acting Cabotegravir for HIV Prevention. J Infect Dis. 2022;226:2170-80.
PubMed Abstract»Gandhi RT, Bedimo R, Hoy JF, et al. Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2022 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2023;329:63-84.
PubMed Abstract»Glidden DV, Mulligan K, McMahan V, et al. Brief Report: Recovery of Bone Mineral Density After Discontinuation of Tenofovir-Based HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;76:177-182.
PubMed Abstract»Grant RM, Anderson PL, McMahan V, et al. Uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis, sexual practices, and HIV incidence in men and transgender women who have sex with men: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:820-9.
PubMed Abstract»Hodder SL, Mounzer K, Dejesus E, et al. Patient-reported outcomes in virologically suppressed, HIV-1-Infected subjects after switching to a simplified, single-tablet regimen of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir DF. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2010;24:87-96.
PubMed Abstract»Knox J, Tabrizi SN, Miller P, et al. Evaluation of self-collected samples in contrast to practitioner-collected samples for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis by polymerase chain reaction among women living in remote areas. Sex Transm Dis. 2002;29:647-54.
PubMed Abstract»Kovacs JA, Masur H. Evolving health effects of Pneumocystis: one hundred years of progress in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA. 2009;301:2578-85.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Donnell D, Clement ME, et al. Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:595-608.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Li S, Eron JJ Jr, et al. Tail-phase safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable cabotegravir in HIV-uninfected adults: a secondary analysis of the HPTN 077 trial. Lancet HIV. 2020;7:e472-e481.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Agwu A, Malebranche D. Barriers to the Wider Use of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the United States: A Narrative Review. Adv Ther. 2020;37:1778-1811.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Molina JM, Thompson MA, et al. Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (DISCOVER): primary results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2020;396:239-54.
PubMed Abstract»Mirembe BG, Kelly CW, Mgodi N, et al. Bone Mineral Density Changes Among Young, Healthy African Women Receiving Oral Tenofovir for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;71:287-94.
PubMed Abstract»Molina JM, Capitant C, Spire B, et al. On-demand preexposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2237-46.
PubMed Abstract»Mugwanya K, Baeten J, Celum C, et al. Low risk of proximal tubular dysfunction associated with emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate preexposure prophylaxis in men and women. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:1050-7.
PubMed Abstract»Mugwanya KK, Wyatt C, Celum C, et al. Changes in glomerular kidney function among HIV-1-uninfected men and women receiving emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate preexposure prophylaxis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:246-54.
PubMed Abstract»Mugwanya KK, Wyatt C, Celum C, et al. Reversibility of glomerular renal function decline in HIV-uninfected men and women discontinuing emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate pre-exposure prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;71:374-80.
PubMed Abstract»Mulligan K, Glidden DV, Anderson PL, et al. Effects of Emtricitabine/Tenofovir on Bone Mineral Density in HIV-Negative Persons in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:572-80.
PubMed Abstract»Nicol MR, Corbino JA, Cottrell ML. Pharmacology of antiretrovirals in the female genital tract for HIV prevention. J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;58:1381-95.
PubMed Abstract»Panel on Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Updated: March 28, 2019.
HIV.gov»Seifert SM, Glidden DV, Meditz AL, et al. Dose response for starting and stopping HIV preexposure prophylaxis for men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:804-10.
PubMed Abstract»Sexton ME, Baker JJ, Nakagawa K, et al. How reliable is self-testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia among men who have sex with men? J Fam Pract. 2013;62:70-8.
PubMed Abstract»Lesson 5. Follow-Up Care and Monitoring on HIV PrEP
Follow-Up and Monitoring of Persons Receiving HIV PrEP
Ambrosioni J, Petit E, Liegeon G, Laguno M, Miró JM. Primary HIV-1 infection in users of pre-exposure prophylaxis. Lancet HIV. 2021;8:e166-e174.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Chernesky MA, Hook EW 3rd, Martin DH, et al. Women find it easy and prefer to collect their own vaginal swabs to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32:729-33.
PubMed Abstract»Knox J, Tabrizi SN, Miller P, et al. Evaluation of self-collected samples in contrast to practitioner-collected samples for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis by polymerase chain reaction among women living in remote areas. Sex Transm Dis. 2002;29:647-54.
PubMed Abstract»Sexton ME, Baker JJ, Nakagawa K, et al. How reliable is self-testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia among men who have sex with men? J Fam Pract. 2013;62:70-8.
PubMed Abstract»Discontinuing HIV PrEP
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Delany-Moretlwe S, Hughes JP, Bock P, et al. Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1779–89.
PubMed Abstract»Gandhi RT, Bedimo R, Hoy JF, et al. Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2022 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2023;329:63-84.
PubMed Abstract»Hojilla JC, Hurley LB, Marcus JL, et al. Characterization of HIV preexposure prophylaxis use behaviors and HIV incidence among US adults in an integrated health care system. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e2122692.
PubMed Abstract»Krakower D, Maloney KM, Powell VE, et al. Patterns and clinical consequences of discontinuing HIV preexposure prophylaxis during primary care. J Int AIDS Soc. 2019;22:e25250.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Donnell D, Clement ME, et al. Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:595-608.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Li S, Eron JJ Jr, et al. Tail-phase safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable cabotegravir in HIV-uninfected adults: a secondary analysis of the HPTN 077 trial. Lancet HIV. 2020;7:e472-e481.
PubMed Abstract»Malahleha M, Ahmed K, Deese J, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation or reinfection in a FEM-PrEP participant: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2015;9:207.
PubMed Abstract»Mohareb AM, Larmarange J, Kim AY, et al. Risks and benefits of oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for people with chronic hepatitis B. Lancet HIV. 2022;9:e585-e594.
PubMed Abstract»Molina JM, Capitant C, Spire B, et al. On-demand preexposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2237-46.
PubMed Abstract»Molina JM, Ghosn J, Assoumou L, et al. Daily and on-demand HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis with emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil (ANRS PREVENIR): a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2022;9:e554-e562.
PubMed Abstract»Seifert SM, Glidden DV, Meditz AL, et al. Dose response for starting and stopping HIV preexposure prophylaxis for men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:804-10.
PubMed Abstract»Smith DK, Grohskopf LA, Black RJ, et al. Antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection-drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV in the United States: recommendations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005;54(No. RR-2):1-20.
CDC»Solomon MM, Schechter M, Liu AY, et al. The Safety of Tenofovir-emtricitabine for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in individuals with active hepatitis B. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;71:281-6.
PubMed Abstract»Trezza C, Ford SL, Spreen W, Pan R, Piscitelli S. Formulation and pharmacology of long-acting cabotegravir. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2015;10:239-45.
PubMed Abstract»Tseng CH, Chen TH, Wu JL, et al. Serious adverse events after cessation of nucleos(t)ide analogues in individuals with chronic hepatitis B: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JHEP Rep. 2023;5:100617.
PubMed Abstract»Yager J, Castillo-Mancilla J, Ibrahim ME, et al. Intracellular Tenofovir-Diphosphate and Emtricitabine-Triphosphate in Dried Blood Spots Following Tenofovir Alafenamide: The TAF-DBS Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;84:323-30.
PubMed Abstract»Yager JL, Brooks KM, Castillo-Mancilla JR, et al. Tenofovir-diphosphate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells during low, medium and high adherence to emtricitabine/ tenofovir alafenamide vs. emtricitabine/ tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. AIDS. 2021;35:2481-7.
PubMed Abstract»Acquisition of HIV in Persons Prescribed HIV PrEP
Acosta RK, Willkom M, Andreatta K, et al. Switching to Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide (B/F/TAF) From Dolutegravir (DTG)+F/TAF or DTG+F/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) in the Presence of Pre-existing NRTI Resistance. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;85:363-71.
PubMed Abstract»Andreatta K, Willkom M, Martin R, et al. Switching to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide maintained HIV-1 RNA suppression in participants with archived antiretroviral resistance including M184V/I. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74:3555-64.
PubMed Abstract»Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:399-410.
PubMed Abstract»Buskin SE, Lechtenberg RJ, Slaughter FA, et al. A public health approach to monitoring HIV with resistance to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. PLoS One. 2022;17:e0272958.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Colby DJ, Kroon E, Sacdalan C, et al. Acquisition of Multidrug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in a Patient Taking Preexposure Prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67:962-4.
PubMed Abstract»Delany-Moretlwe S, Hughes JP, Bock P, et al. Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1779–89.
PubMed Abstract»Donnell D, Ramos E, Celum C, et al. The effect of oral preexposure prophylaxis on the progression of HIV-1 seroconversion. AIDS. 2017;31:2007-16.
PubMed Abstract»Fonner VA, Dalglish SL, Kennedy CE, et al. Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations. AIDS. 2016;30:1973-83.
PubMed Abstract»Gandhi RT, Bedimo R, Hoy JF, et al. Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2022 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2023;329:63-84.
PubMed Abstract»Gibas KM, van den Berg P, Powell VE, Krakower DS. Drug Resistance During HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. Drugs. 2019;79:609-19.
PubMed Abstract»Girometti N, McCormack S, Tittle V, McOwan A, Whitlock G. Rising rates of recent preexposure prophylaxis exposure among men having sex with men newly diagnosed with HIV: antiviral resistance patterns and treatment outcomes. AIDS. 2022;36:561-6.
PubMed Abstract»Grant RM, Anderson PL, McMahan V, et al. Uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis, sexual practices, and HIV incidence in men and transgender women who have sex with men: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:820-9.
PubMed Abstract»Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2587-99.
PubMed Abstract»Hoornenborg E, Prins M, Achterbergh RCA, et al. Acquisition of wild-type HIV-1 infection in a patient on pre-exposure prophylaxis with high intracellular concentrations of tenofovir diphosphate: a case report. Lancet HIV. 2017;4:e522-e528.
PubMed Abstract»Knox DC, Anderson PL, Harrigan PR, Tan DH. Multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection despite preexposure prophylaxis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:501-2.
PubMed Abstract»Krakower D, Maloney KM, Powell VE, et al. Patterns and clinical consequences of discontinuing HIV preexposure prophylaxis during primary care. J Int AIDS Soc. 2019;22:e25250.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Donnell D, Clement ME, et al. Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:595-608.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Li S, Eron JJ Jr, et al. Tail-phase safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable cabotegravir in HIV-uninfected adults: a secondary analysis of the HPTN 077 trial. Lancet HIV. 2020;7:e472-e481.
PubMed Abstract»Liu AY, Cohen SE, Vittinghoff E, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Infection Integrated With Municipal- and Community-Based Sexual Health Services. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:75-84.
PubMed Abstract»Marcus JL, Hurley LB, Hare CB, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention in a Large Integrated Health Care System: Adherence, Renal Safety, and Discontinuation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;73:540-6.
PubMed Abstract»Markowitz M, Grossman H, Anderson PL, et al. Newly Acquired Infection With Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 in a Patient Adherent to Preexposure Prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;76:e104-e106.
PubMed Abstract»Marzinke MA, Fogel JM, Wang Z, et al. Extended Analysis of HIV Infection in Cisgender Men and Transgender Women Who Have Sex with Men Receiving Injectable Cabotegravir for HIV Prevention: HPTN 083. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2023;67:e0005323.
PubMed Abstract»Marzinke MA, Grinsztejn B, Fogel JM, et al. Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Cisgender Men and Transgender Women Who Have Sex With Men Receiving Injectable Cabotegravir for HIV Prevention: HPTN 083. J Infect Dis. 2021;224:1581-92.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Molina JM, Thompson MA, et al. Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (DISCOVER): primary results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2020;396:239-54.
PubMed Abstract»McClung RP, Oster AM, Ocfemia MCB, et al. Transmitted Drug Resistance Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Diagnoses in the United States, 2014-2018. Clin Infect Dis. 202;74:1055-62.
PubMed Abstract»Naicker CL, Mansoor LE, Dawood H, et al. Importance of early identification of PrEP breakthrough infections in a generalized HIV epidemic: a case report from a PrEP demonstration project in South Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20:532.
PubMed Abstract»Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents with HIV. Department of Health and Human Services. What to start: initial combination regimens for the people with HIV. September 21, 2022.
HIV.gov»Parikh UM, Mellors JW. How could HIV-1 drug resistance impact preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention? Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2022;17:213-21.
PubMed Abstract»Paton NI, Musaazi J, Kityo C, et al. Dolutegravir or Darunavir in Combination with Zidovudine or Tenofovir to Treat HIV. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:330-41.
PubMed Abstract»Paton NI, Musaazi J, Kityo C, et al. Efficacy and safety of dolutegravir or darunavir in combination with lamivudine plus either zidovudine or tenofovir for second-line treatment of HIV infection (NADIA): week 96 results from a prospective, multicentre, open-label, factorial, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet HIV. 2022;9:e381-e393.
PubMed Abstract»Sax PE, Rockstroh JK, Luetkemeyer AF, et al. Switching to Bictegravir, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Alafenamide in Virologically Suppressed Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:e485-e493.
PubMed Abstract»Sivay MV, Li M, Piwowar-Manning E, et al. Characterization of HIV Seroconverters in a TDF/FTC PrEP Study: HPTN 067/ADAPT. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75:271-9.
PubMed Abstract»Smith DK, Switzer WM, Peters P, et al. A Strategy for PrEP Clinicians to Manage Ambiguous HIV Test Results During Follow-up Visits. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5:ofy180.
PubMed Abstract»To KW, Lee SS. A review of reported cases of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis failure with resultant breakthrough HIV infections. HIV Med. 2021;22:75-82.
PubMed Abstract»Van Damme L, Corneli A, Ahmed K, et al. Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:411-22.
PubMed Abstract»Volk JE, Nguyen DP, Hare CB, Marcus JL. HIV Infection and Drug Resistance with Unsupervised Use of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2018;34:329-30.
PubMed Abstract»Diagnosing HIV in Persons Prescribed HIV PrEP
Ariza-Heredia EJ, Granwehr BP, Viola GM, et al. False-positive HIV nucleic acid amplification testing during CAR T-cell therapy. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;88:305-7.
PubMed Abstract»Cohen MS, Shaw GM, McMichael AJ, Haynes BF. Acute HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1943-54.
PubMed Abstract»de Souza MS, Pinyakorn S, Akapirat S, et al. Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy During Acute HIV-1 Infection Leads to a High Rate of Nonreactive HIV Serology. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:555-61.
PubMed Abstract»Donnell D, Ramos E, Celum C, et al. The effect of oral preexposure prophylaxis on the progression of HIV-1 seroconversion. AIDS. 2017;31:2007-16.
PubMed Abstract»Doran TI, Parra E. False-positive and indeterminate human immunodeficiency virus test results in pregnant women. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9:924-9.
PubMed Abstract»Fiebig EW, Wright DJ, Rawal BD, et al. Dynamics of HIV viremia and antibody seroconversion in plasma donors: implications for diagnosis and staging of primary HIV infection. AIDS. 2003;17:1871-9.
PubMed Abstract»Gudipati S, Shallal A, Peterson E, Cook B, Markowitz N. Increase in False-Positive Fourth-Generation Human Immunodeficiency Virus Tests in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77:615-9.
PubMed Abstract»Hauser JR, Hong H, Babady NE, Papanicolaou GA, Tang YW. False-Positive Results for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing in Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy. J Clin Microbiol. 2019 Dec 23;58:e01420-19.
PubMed Abstract»He JZ, Rezwan M, Arif A, Baroud S, Elhaj M, Khan A. Acute Babesiosis Causing a False-Positive HIV Result: An Unexpected Association. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2023;2023:6271710.
PubMed Abstract»Kassutto S, Johnston MN, Rosenberg ES. Incomplete HIV type 1 antibody evolution and seroreversion in acutely infected individuals treated with early antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:868-73.
PubMed Abstract»Masciotra S, McDougal JS, Feldman J, Sprinkle P, Wesolowski L, Owen SM. Evaluation of an alternative HIV diagnostic algorithm using specimens from seroconversion panels and persons with established HIV infections. J Clin Virol. 2011;52 Suppl 1:S17-22.
PubMed Abstract»Stekler JD, Violette LR, Niemann L, et al. Repeated False-Positive HIV Test Results in a Patient Taking HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5:ofy197.
PubMed Abstract»Zucker J, Carnevale C, Rai AJ, Gordon P, Sobieszczyk ME. Positive or Not, That Is the Question: HIV Testing for Individuals on Pre-exposure Prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;78:e11-e13.
PubMed Abstract»HIV Drug Resistance in Persons Prescribed HIV PrEP
Ambrosioni J, Petit E, Liegeon G, Laguno M, Miró JM. Primary HIV-1 infection in users of pre-exposure prophylaxis. Lancet HIV. 2021;8:e166-e174.
PubMed Abstract»Buskin SE, Lechtenberg RJ, Slaughter FA, et al. A public health approach to monitoring HIV with resistance to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. PLoS One. 2022;17:e0272958.
PubMed Abstract»Cohen SE, Sachdev D, Lee SA, et al. Acquisition of tenofovir-susceptible, emtricitabine-resistant HIV despite high adherence to daily pre-exposure prophylaxis: a case report. Lancet HIV. 2018;S2352-3018(18)30288-1.
PubMed Abstract»Colby DJ, Kroon E, Sacdalan C, et al. Acquisition of Multidrug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in a Patient Taking Preexposure Prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67:962-4.
PubMed Abstract»Delany-Moretlwe S, Hughes JP, Bock P, et al. Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1779–89.
PubMed Abstract»Eshleman SH, Fogel JM, Halvas EK, et al. HIV RNA Screening Reduces Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor Resistance Risk in Persons Receiving Long-Acting Cabotegravir for HIV Prevention. J Infect Dis. 2022;226:2170-80.
PubMed Abstract»Fonner VA, Dalglish SL, Kennedy CE, et al. Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations. AIDS. 2016;30:1973-83.
PubMed Abstract»Gibas KM, van den Berg P, Powell VE, Krakower DS. Drug Resistance During HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. Drugs. 2019;79:609-19.
PubMed Abstract»Girometti N, McCormack S, Tittle V, McOwan A, Whitlock G. Rising rates of recent preexposure prophylaxis exposure among men having sex with men newly diagnosed with HIV: antiviral resistance patterns and treatment outcomes. AIDS. 2022;36:561-6.
PubMed Abstract»Hoornenborg E, Prins M, Achterbergh RCA, et al. Acquisition of wild-type HIV-1 infection in a patient on pre-exposure prophylaxis with high intracellular concentrations of tenofovir diphosphate: a case report. Lancet HIV. 2017;4:e522-e528.
PubMed Abstract»Knox DC, Anderson PL, Harrigan PR, Tan DH. Multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection despite preexposure prophylaxis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:501-2.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Donnell D, Clement ME, et al. Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:595-608.
PubMed Abstract»Markowitz M, Grossman H, Anderson PL, et al. Newly Acquired Infection With Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 in a Patient Adherent to Preexposure Prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;76:e104-e106.
PubMed Abstract»Marzinke MA, Fogel JM, Wang Z, et al. Extended Analysis of HIV Infection in Cisgender Men and Transgender Women Who Have Sex with Men Receiving Injectable Cabotegravir for HIV Prevention: HPTN 083. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2023;67:e0005323.
PubMed Abstract»Marzinke MA, Grinsztejn B, Fogel JM, et al. Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Cisgender Men and Transgender Women Who Have Sex With Men Receiving Injectable Cabotegravir for HIV Prevention: HPTN 083. J Infect Dis. 2021;224:1581-92.
PubMed Abstract»McClung RP, Oster AM, Ocfemia MCB, et al. Transmitted Drug Resistance Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Diagnoses in the United States, 2014-2018. Clin Infect Dis. 202;74:1055-62.
PubMed Abstract»Misra K, Huang JS, Udeagu CN, Forgione L, Xia Q, Torian LV. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use history in people with antiretroviral resistance at HIV diagnosis: Findings from New York City HIV surveillance and partner services, 2015-2022. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Nov 17. Online ahead of print
PubMed Abstract»Naicker CL, Mansoor LE, Dawood H, et al. Importance of early identification of PrEP breakthrough infections in a generalized HIV epidemic: a case report from a PrEP demonstration project in South Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20:532.
PubMed Abstract»Parikh UM, Koss CA, Mellors JW. Long-Acting Injectable Cabotegravir for HIV Prevention: What Do We Know and Need to Know about the Risks and Consequences of Cabotegravir Resistance? Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2022;19:384-93.
PubMed Abstract»Parikh UM, Mellors JW. How could HIV-1 drug resistance impact preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention? Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2022;17:213-21.
PubMed Abstract»To KW, Lee SS. A review of reported cases of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis failure with resultant breakthrough HIV infections. HIV Med. 2021;22:75-82.
PubMed Abstract»Volk JE, Nguyen DP, Hare CB, Marcus JL. HIV Infection and Drug Resistance with Unsupervised Use of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2018;34:329-30.
PubMed Abstract»Management of Persons on HIV PrEP Newly Diagnosed with HIV
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents with HIV. Department of Health and Human Services. What to start: initial combination regimens for the people with HIV. September 21, 2022.
HIV.gov»Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:399-410.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Chernesky MA, Hook EW 3rd, Martin DH, et al. Women find it easy and prefer to collect their own vaginal swabs to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32:729-33.
PubMed Abstract»Chou R, Spencer H, Bougatsos C, Blazina I, Ahmed A, Selph S. Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2023;330:746-63.
PubMed Abstract»Cotter AG, Vrouenraets SM, Brady JJ, et al. Impact of switching from zidovudine to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on bone mineral density and markers of bone metabolism in virologically suppressed HIV-1 infected patients; a substudy of the PREPARE study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:1659-66.
PubMed Abstract»Coy KC, Hazen RJ, Kirkham HS, Delpino A, Siegler AJ. Persistence on HIV preexposure prophylaxis medication over a 2-year period among a national sample of 7148 PrEP users, United States, 2015 to 2017. J Int AIDS Soc. 2019;22:e25252.
PubMed Abstract»Delany-Moretlwe S, Hughes JP, Bock P, et al. Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1779–89.
PubMed Abstract»Eshleman SH, Fogel JM, Halvas EK, et al. HIV RNA Screening Reduces Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor Resistance Risk in Persons Receiving Long-Acting Cabotegravir for HIV Prevention. J Infect Dis. 2022;226:2170-80.
PubMed Abstract»Gandhi RT, Bedimo R, Hoy JF, et al. Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2022 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2023;329:63-84.
PubMed Abstract»Grant RM, Anderson PL, McMahan V, et al. Uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis, sexual practices, and HIV incidence in men and transgender women who have sex with men: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:820-9.
PubMed Abstract»Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2587-99.
PubMed Abstract»Hojilla JC, Hurley LB, Marcus JL, et al. Characterization of HIV preexposure prophylaxis use behaviors and HIV incidence among US adults in an integrated health care system. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e2122692.
PubMed Abstract»Knox J, Tabrizi SN, Miller P, et al. Evaluation of self-collected samples in contrast to practitioner-collected samples for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis by polymerase chain reaction among women living in remote areas. Sex Transm Dis. 2002;29:647-54.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Donnell D, Clement ME, et al. Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:595-608.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Li S, Eron JJ Jr, et al. Tail-phase safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable cabotegravir in HIV-uninfected adults: a secondary analysis of the HPTN 077 trial. Lancet HIV. 2020;7:e472-e481.
PubMed Abstract»Marcus JL, Hurley LB, Nguyen DP, Silverberg MJ, Volk JE. Redefining Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Preexposure Prophylaxis Failures. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65:1768-9.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Molina JM, Thompson MA, et al. Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (DISCOVER): primary results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2020;396:239-54.
PubMed Abstract»Miro JM, Lopez JC, Podzamczer D, et al. Discontinuation of primary and secondary Toxoplasma gondii prophylaxis is safe in HIV-infected patients after immunological restoration with highly active antiretroviral therapy: results of an open, randomized, multicenter clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:79-89.
PubMed Abstract»Molina JM, Capitant C, Spire B, et al. On-demand preexposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2237-46.
PubMed Abstract»Molina JM, Ghosn J, Assoumou L, et al. Daily and on-demand HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis with emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil (ANRS PREVENIR): a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2022;9:e554-e562.
PubMed Abstract»Mussini C, Pezzotti P, Govoni A, et al. Discontinuation of primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus type I-infected patients: the changes in opportunistic prophylaxis study. J Infect Dis. 2000;181:1635-42.
PubMed Abstract»Rhee SY, Parkin N, Harrigan PR, Holmes S, Shafer RW. Genotypic correlates of resistance to the HIV-1 strand transfer integrase inhibitor cabotegravir. Antiviral Res. 2022;208:105427.
PubMed Abstract»Seifert SM, Chen X, Meditz AL, et al. Intracellular Tenofovir and Emtricitabine Anabolites in Genital, Rectal, and Blood Compartments from First Dose to Steady State. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2016;32:981-91.
PubMed Abstract»Seifert SM, Glidden DV, Meditz AL, et al. Dose response for starting and stopping HIV preexposure prophylaxis for men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:804-10.
PubMed Abstract»Sexton ME, Baker JJ, Nakagawa K, et al. How reliable is self-testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia among men who have sex with men? J Fam Pract. 2013;62:70-8.
PubMed Abstract»Tittle V, Boffito M, McOwan A, Whitlock G. Antiretroviral resistance and management after pre-exposure to prophylaxis. Lancet HIV. 2020;7:e84.
PubMed Abstract»Zucker J, Carnevale C, Gordon P, Sobieszczyk ME, Rai AJ. Am I Positive? Improving Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing in the Era of Preexposure Prophylaxis and Immediate Antiretroviral Therapy Using Machine Learning. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9:ofac259.
PubMed Abstract»Module 2. HIV PrEP In-Depth Topics
Lesson 1. HIV PrEP for Adolescents and Young Adults
Background and HIV PrEP Coverage in Youth
Allen E, Gordon A, Krakower D, Hsu K. HIV preexposure prophylaxis for adolescents and young adults. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2017;29:399-406.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through December 2021; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through September 2021. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2022;3(No. 1). Published May 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through September 2022; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through June 2022. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2022;3(No. 4). Published December 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through September 2022; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through June 2023. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2023;4(No. 4). Published December 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2019. HIV Surveillance Report, 2021; vol. 32:1-123. Published May 2021.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2020. HIV Surveillance Report, 2022; vol. 33:1-143. Published May 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2021. HIV Surveillance Report, 2021; vol. 34. Published May 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2017–2021. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2023;28(3). Published May 2023.
CDC»Hosek S, Henry-Reid L. PrEP and Adolescents: The Role of Providers in Ending the AIDS Epidemic. Pediatrics. 2020;145:e20191743.
PubMed Abstract»Koay WLA, Fortuna G, Griffith C, et al. Awareness of and Attitudes Toward Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Predominantly Heterosexual Black Adolescents and Young Adults and Their Guardians in an Urban Area With HIV Epidemic in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2021;40:351-3.
PubMed Abstract»Moskowitz DA, Moran KO, Matson M, Alvarado-Avila A, Mustanski B. The PrEP Cascade in a National Cohort of Adolescent Men Who Have Sex With Men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;86:536-43.
PubMed Abstract»Epidemiology of STIs and HIV in Youth
Barbee LA, Khosropour CM, Dombrowksi JC, Golden MR. New Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnosis Independently Associated With Rectal Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in Men Who Have Sex With Men. Sex Transm Dis. 2017;44:385-9.
PubMed Abstract»Boily MC, Baggaley RF, Wang L, et al. Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9:118-29.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention; Division of Adolescent and School Health. Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data: Summary and Trends Report. 2011-2021.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through December 2021; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through September 2021. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2022;3(No. 1). Published May 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2019. HIV Surveillance Report, 2021; vol. 32:1-123. Published May 2021.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2020. HIV Surveillance Report, 2022; vol. 33:1-143. Published May 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2021. HIV Surveillance Report, 2021; vol. 34. Published May 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2019. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; April, 2021.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2020. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; April, 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2021. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; April, 2023.
CDC»Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect. 1999;75:3-17.
PubMed Abstract»Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, et al. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States, 2017. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2018;67:1-114.
PubMed Abstract»Evidence for HIV PrEP in Youth
Allen E, Gordon A, Krakower D, Hsu K. HIV preexposure prophylaxis for adolescents and young adults. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2017;29:399-406.
PubMed Abstract»Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:399-410.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Delany-Moretlwe S, Hughes JP, Bock P, et al. Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1779–89.
PubMed Abstract»Della Negra M, De Carvalho AP, De Aquino MZ, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in HIV-1-infected adolescents failing antiretroviral therapy: the final results of study GS-US-104-0321. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34:398-405.
PubMed Abstract»Gill K, Johnson L, Dietrich J, et al. Acceptability, safety, and patterns of use of oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in South African adolescents: an open-label single-arm phase 2 trial. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4:875-83.
PubMed Abstract»Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2587-99.
PubMed Abstract»Hosek SG, Landovitz RJ, Kapogiannis B, et al. Safety and Feasibility of Antiretroviral Preexposure Prophylaxis for Adolescent Men Who Have Sex With Men Aged 15 to 17 Years in the United States. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171:1063-71.
PubMed Abstract»Hosek SG, Rudy B, Landovitz R, et al. An HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Demonstration Project and Safety Study for Young MSM. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74:21-9.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Donnell D, Clement ME, et al. Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:595-608.
PubMed Abstract»Marzinke MA, Grinsztejn B, Fogel JM, et al. Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Cisgender Men and Transgender Women Who Have Sex With Men Receiving Injectable Cabotegravir for HIV Prevention: HPTN 083. J Infect Dis. 2021;224:1581-92.
PubMed Abstract»Saez-Llorens X, Violari A, Ndiweni D, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy results of once-daily emtricitabine-based highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pediatric subjects. Pediatrics. 2008;121:e827-35.
PubMed Abstract»Tanner MR, Miele P, Carter W, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for Prevention of HIV Acquisition Among Adolescents: Clinical Considerations, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020;69:1-12.
PubMed Abstract»Yin MT, Brown TT. HIV and Bone Complications: Understudied Populations and New Management Strategies. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2016;13:349-58.
PubMed Abstract»Clinic Visits and Obtaining a Sexual History in Adolescents
Reno H, Park I, Workowski KA, Aliza Machefsky AM, Bachmann LH. Guide to Taking a Sexual History. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CS324772-A; CDC Publication 30-0166.
CDC»Sexual Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS). PrEP Education for Youth-Serving Primary Care Providers Toolkit. Clinical Tools Section 1.7: Taking A Sexual History.
SIECUS»Tanner MR, Miele P, Carter W, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for Prevention of HIV Acquisition Among Adolescents: Clinical Considerations, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020;69:1-12.
PubMed Abstract»Assessing for HIV PrEP in Youth
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Tanner MR, Miele P, Carter W, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for Prevention of HIV Acquisition Among Adolescents: Clinical Considerations, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020;69:1-12.
PubMed Abstract»US Preventive Services Task Force, Owens DK, Davidson KW, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2019;321:2203-13.
PubMed Abstract»US Preventive Services Task Force; Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Acquisition of HIV: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2023;330:736-45.
PubMed Abstract»HIV PrEP Medications for Youth
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: clinical providers’
supplement. December 2021:1-53.
CDC»Choopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasamai P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013;381:2083-90.
PubMed Abstract»Gill K, Johnson L, Dietrich J, et al. Acceptability, safety, and patterns of use of oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in South African adolescents: an open-label single-arm phase 2 trial. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4:875-83.
PubMed Abstract»Hosek SG, Landovitz RJ, Kapogiannis B, et al. Safety and Feasibility of Antiretroviral Preexposure Prophylaxis for Adolescent Men Who Have Sex With Men Aged 15 to 17 Years in the United States. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171:1063-71.
PubMed Abstract»Hosek SG, Rudy B, Landovitz R, et al. An HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Demonstration Project and Safety Study for Young MSM. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74:21-9.
PubMed Abstract»Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Medication for Adolescents and Young Adults: A Position Paper of the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. J Adolesc Health. 2018;63:513-6.
PubMed Abstract»US Preventive Services Task Force, Owens DK, Davidson KW, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2019;321:2203-13.
PubMed Abstract»Baseline Laboratory Evaluation
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Medication Adherence
Allen E, Gordon A, Krakower D, Hsu K. HIV preexposure prophylaxis for adolescents and young adults. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2017;29:399-406.
PubMed Abstract»Belzer ME, Naar-King S, Olson J, et al. The use of cell phone support for non-adherent HIV-infected youth and young adults: an initial randomized and controlled intervention trial. AIDS Behav. 2014;18:686-96.
PubMed Abstract»Biello KB, Hill-Rorie J, Valente PK, et al. Development and Evaluation of a Mobile App Designed to Increase HIV Testing and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Use Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States: Open Pilot Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23:e25107.
PubMed Abstract»Biello KB, Marrow E, Mimiaga MJ, Sullivan P, Hightow-Weidman L, Mayer KH. A Mobile-Based App (MyChoices) to Increase Uptake of HIV Testing and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis by Young Men Who Have Sex With Men: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2019;8:e10694.
PubMed Abstract»Castillo-Mancilla JR, Zheng JH, Rower JE, et al. Tenofovir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots for determining recent and cumulative drug exposure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2013;29:384-90.
PubMed Abstract»Garofalo R, Kuhns LM, Hotton A, Johnson A, Muldoon A, Rice D. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Personalized Text Message Reminders to Promote Medication Adherence Among HIV-Positive Adolescents and Young Adults. AIDS Behav. 2016;20:1049-59.
PubMed Abstract»Gill K, Johnson L, Dietrich J, et al. Acceptability, safety, and patterns of use of oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in South African adolescents: an open-label single-arm phase 2 trial. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4:875-83.
PubMed Abstract»Grant RM, Anderson PL, McMahan V, et al. Uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis, sexual practices, and HIV incidence in men and transgender women who have sex with men: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:820-9.
PubMed Abstract»Haberer JE. Current concepts for PrEP adherence in the PrEP revolution: from clinical trials to routine practice. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2016;11:10-7.
PubMed Abstract»Hannaford A, Arens Y, Koenig H. Real-Time Monitoring and Point-of-Care Testing: A Review of the Current Landscape of PrEP Adherence Monitoring. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2021;15:259-69.
PubMed Abstract»Hosek SG, Landovitz RJ, Kapogiannis B, et al. Safety and Feasibility of Antiretroviral Preexposure Prophylaxis for Adolescent Men Who Have Sex With Men Aged 15 to 17 Years in the United States. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171:1063-71.
PubMed Abstract»Hosek SG, Rudy B, Landovitz R, et al. An HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Demonstration Project and Safety Study for Young MSM. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74:21-9.
PubMed Abstract»LeGrand S, Knudtson K, Benkeser D, et al. Testing the Efficacy of a Social Networking Gamification App to Improve Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adherence (P3: Prepared, Protected, emPowered): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2018;7:e10448.
PubMed Abstract»Morgan E, Moran K, Ryan DT, Mustanski B, Newcomb ME. Threefold Increase in PrEP Uptake Over Time with High Adherence Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men in Chicago. AIDS Behav. 2018;22:3637-44.
PubMed Abstract»Morgan E, Ryan DT, Newcomb ME, Mustanski B. High Rate of Discontinuation May Diminish PrEP Coverage Among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS Behav. 2018;22:3645-8.
PubMed Abstract»Songtaweesin WN, LeGrand S, Bandara S, et al. Adaptation of a Theory-Based Social Networking and Gamified App-Based Intervention to Improve Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adherence Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men in Bangkok, Thailand: Qualitative Study. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23:e23852.
PubMed Abstract»Tanner MR, Miele P, Carter W, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for Prevention of HIV Acquisition Among Adolescents: Clinical Considerations, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020;69:1-12.
PubMed Abstract»Velloza J, Kapogiannis B, Bekker LG, et al. Interventions to improve daily medication use among adolescents and young adults: what can we learn for youth pre-exposure prophylaxis services? AIDS. 2021;35:463-75.
PubMed Abstract»Follow-Up and Laboratory Monitoring
US Public Health Service. Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2017 Update. A Clinical Practice Guideline. March 2018:1-77.
CDC»Legal and Insurance Issues
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Minor's Consent Law: State Laws that Enable a Minor to Provide Informed Consent to Receive HIV and STD Services.
CDC»Tanner MR, Miele P, Carter W, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for Prevention of HIV Acquisition Among Adolescents: Clinical Considerations, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020;69:1-12.
PubMed Abstract»Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:399-410.
PubMed Abstract»Barchi V, Rindi LV, Iannazzo R, et al. Doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-induced hypertriglyceridemia in a newly diagnosed AIDS patient. AIDS. 2022;36:2231-3.
PubMed Abstract»Castillo-Mancilla JR, Zheng JH, Rower JE, et al. Tenofovir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots for determining recent and cumulative drug exposure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2013;29:384-90.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through September 2022; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through June 2023. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2023;4(No. 4). Published December 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2017–2021. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2023;28(3). Published May 2023.
CDC»Choopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasamai P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013;381:2083-90.
PubMed Abstract»Chou R, Spencer H, Bougatsos C, Blazina I, Ahmed A, Selph S. Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2023;330:746-63.
PubMed Abstract»Delany-Moretlwe S, Hughes JP, Bock P, et al. Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1779–89.
PubMed Abstract»Doll M, Fortenberry JD, Roseland D, McAuliff K, Wilson CM, Boyer CB. Linking HIV-Negative Youth to Prevention Services in 12 U.S. Cities: Barriers and Facilitators to Implementing the HIV Prevention Continuum. J Adolesc Health. 2018;62:424-33.
PubMed Abstract»Garofalo R, Hotton AL, Kuhns LM, Gratzer B, Mustanski B. Incidence of HIV Infection and Sexually Transmitted Infections and Related Risk Factors Among Very Young Men Who Have Sex With Men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;72:79-86.
PubMed Abstract»Gatell JM, Morales-Ramirez JO, Hagins DP, et al. Forty-eight-week efficacy and safety and early CNS tolerability of doravirine (MK-1439), a novel NNRTI, with TDF/FTC in ART-naive HIV-positive patients. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014;17:19532.
PubMed Abstract»Grant RM, Anderson PL, McMahan V, et al. Uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis, sexual practices, and HIV incidence in men and transgender women who have sex with men: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:820-9.
PubMed Abstract»Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2587-99.
PubMed Abstract»Griffith DC, Agwu AL. Uptake of PrEP for Youth…Progress not Perfection. Pediatrics. 2023;152(5):e2023063238.
PubMed Abstract»Hamilton DT, Goodreau SM, Jenness SM, et al. Potential Impact of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Black and White Adolescent Sexual Minority Males. Am J Public Health. 2018;108:S284-S291.
PubMed Abstract»Hart-Cooper GD, Allen I, Irwin CE Jr, Scott H. Adolescent Health Providers' Willingness to Prescribe Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to Youth at Risk of HIV Infection in the United States. J Adolesc Health. 2018;63:242-4.
PubMed Abstract»Havens PL, Stephensen CB, Van Loan MD, et al. Vitamin D3 Supplementation Increases Spine Bone Mineral Density in Adolescents and Young Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Being Treated With Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66:220-8.
PubMed Abstract»Havens PL, Tamhane A, Stephensen CB, et al. Short Communication: Association of Vitamin D Insufficiency and Protective Tenofovir Diphosphate Concentrations with Bone Toxicity in Adolescent Boys and Young Men Using Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2019;35:123-8.
PubMed Abstract»Hosek SG, Landovitz RJ, Kapogiannis B, et al. Safety and Feasibility of Antiretroviral Preexposure Prophylaxis for Adolescent Men Who Have Sex With Men Aged 15 to 17 Years in the United States. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171:1063-71.
PubMed Abstract»Hosek SG, Rudy B, Landovitz R, et al. An HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Demonstration Project and Safety Study for Young MSM. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74:21-9.
PubMed Abstract»Johnson M, Kumar P, Molina JM, et al. Switching to Doravirine/Lamivudine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (DOR/3TC/TDF) Maintains HIV-1 Virologic Suppression Through 48 Weeks: Results of the DRIVE-SHIFT Trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;81:463-72.
PubMed Abstract»Kimball AA, Zhu W, Leonard J, et al. HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Provision among Adolescents: 2018 to 2021. Pediatrics. 2023;152(5):e2023062599.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Donnell D, Clement ME, et al. Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:595-608.
PubMed Abstract»Liu AY, Vittinghoff E, von Felten P, et al. Randomized Controlled Trial of a Mobile Health Intervention to Promote Retention and Adherence to Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Young People at Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The EPIC Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:2010-17.
PubMed Abstract»Macapagal K, Kraus A, Korpak AK, Jozsa K, Moskowitz DA. PrEP Awareness, Uptake, Barriers, and Correlates Among Adolescents Assigned Male at Birth Who Have Sex with Males in the U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:113-24.
PubMed Abstract»Margot NA, Isaacson E, McGowan I, Cheng A, Miller MD. Extended treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients: genotypic, phenotypic, and rebound analyses. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;33:15-21.
PubMed Abstract»Margot NA, Isaacson E, McGowan I, Cheng AK, Schooley RT, Miller MD. Genotypic and phenotypic analyses of HIV-1 in antiretroviral-experienced patients treated with tenofovir DF. AIDS. 2002;16:1227-35.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Molina JM, Thompson MA, et al. Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (DISCOVER): primary results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2020;396:239-54.
PubMed Abstract»Melvin AJ, Yee KL, Gray KP, et al. Pharmacokinetics, tolerability and safety of doravirine and doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate fixed dose combination tablets in adolescents living with HIV: Week 24 results from IMPAACT 2014. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2022 Oct 10. Online ahead of print.
PubMed Abstract»Molina JM, Squires K, Sax PE, et al. Doravirine versus ritonavir-boosted darunavir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 (DRIVE-FORWARD): 48-week results of a randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet HIV. 2018;5:e211-e220.
PubMed Abstract»Molina JM, Squires K, Sax PE, et al. Doravirine versus ritonavir-boosted darunavir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 (DRIVE-FORWARD): 96-week results of a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet HIV. 2020;7:e16-e26.
PubMed Abstract»Mullins TLK, Zimet G, Lally M, Xu J, Thornton S, Kahn JA. HIV Care Providers' Intentions to Prescribe and Actual Prescription of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis to At-Risk Adolescents and Adults. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2017;31:504-16.
PubMed Abstract»Orkin C, Squires KE, Molina JM, et al. Doravirine/Lamivudine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate is Non-inferior to Efavirenz/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Treatment-naive Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection: Week 48 Results of the DRIVE-AHEAD Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:535-44.
PubMed Abstract»Panel on Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Cytomegalovirus disease. Last updated: November 4, 2015.
HIV.gov»Reno H, Park I, Workowski KA, Aliza Machefsky AM, Bachmann LH. Guide to Taking a Sexual History. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CS324772-A; CDC Publication 30-0166.
CDC»Schürmann D, Sobotha C, Gilmartin J, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, short-term monotherapy study of doravirine in treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals. AIDS. 2016;30:57-63.
PubMed Abstract»Smith SJ, Pauly GT, Akram A, et al. Rilpivirine and Doravirine Have Complementary Efficacies Against NNRTI-Resistant HIV-1 Mutants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;72:485-91.
PubMed Abstract»Thoma BC, Huebner DM. Brief Report: HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Engagement Among Adolescent Men Who Have Sex With Men: The Role of Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;79:453-7.
PubMed Abstract»Underwood JM, Brener N, Thornton J, et al. Overview and Methods for the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System - United States, 2019. MMWR Suppl. 2020;69:1-10.
PubMed Abstract»US Preventive Services Task Force; Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Acquisition of HIV: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2023;330:736-45.
PubMed Abstract»Wilby KJ, Eissa NA. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug Interactions of Doravirine. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2018;43:637-44.
PubMed Abstract»Wohl DA, Kendall MA, Andersen J, et al. Low rate of CMV end-organ disease in HIV-infected patients despite low CD4+ cell counts and CMV viremia: results of ACTG protocol A5030. HIV Clin Trials. 2009;10:143-52.
PubMed Abstract»Wong A, Goldstein D, Mallolas J, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Doravirine/Lamivudine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (DOR/3TC/TDF) in Treatment-Naive Adults With HIV-1 and Transmitted Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance Mutations. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;82:e47-e49.
PubMed Abstract»Lesson 2. HIV PrEP for Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
Background
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2019. HIV Surveillance Report, 2021; vol. 32:1-123. Published May 2021.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2020. HIV Surveillance Report, 2022; vol. 33:1-143. Published May 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2021. HIV Surveillance Report, 2021; vol. 34. Published May 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Infection, Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors Among Transgender Women—National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 7 U.S. Cities, 2019–2020. HIV
Surveillance Special Report 27. Published April 2021.
CDC»Flores AR, Herman JL, Gates GJ, Brown NT. How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States. Williams Institute: UCLA School of Law. June 2016.
Williams Institute»Herman JL, Flores AR, Brown NT, Wilson BDM, Conron KJ. Age of Individuals who Identify as Transgender in the United States. Williams Institute: UCLA School of Law. January 2017.
PubMed Abstract»Herman JL, Flores AR, O’Neill KK. How many adults and youth identify as transgender in the United States. Williams Institute: UCLA School of Law. June 2022.
Williams Institute»Lee K, Trujillo L, Olansky E, et al. Factors Associated with Use of HIV Prevention and Health Care Among Transgender Women - Seven Urban Areas, 2019-2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71:673-9.
PubMed Abstract»Poteat T, Wirtz A, Malik M, et al. A Gap Between Willingness and Uptake: Findings From Mixed Methods Research on HIV Prevention Among Black and Latina Transgender Women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;82:131-40.
PubMed Abstract»Sevelius JM, Poteat T, Luhur WE, Reisner SL, Meyer IH. HIV Testing and PrEP Use in a National Probability Sample of Sexually Active Transgender People in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;84:437-42.
PubMed Abstract»Wilson EC, Turner CM, Arayasirikul S, et al. Disparities in the PrEP continuum for trans women compared to MSM in San Francisco, California: results from population-based cross-sectional behavioural surveillance studies. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23 Suppl 3:e25539.
PubMed Abstract»Epidemiology of HIV Among Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
Becasen JS, Denard CL, Mullins MM, Higa DH, Sipe TA. Estimating the Prevalence of HIV and Sexual Behaviors Among the US Transgender Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, 2006-2017. Am J Public Health. 2019;109:e1-e8.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2019. HIV Surveillance Report, 2021; vol. 32:1-123. Published May 2021.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2020. HIV Surveillance Report, 2022; vol. 33:1-143. Published May 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2021. HIV Surveillance Report, 2021; vol. 34. Published May 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Infection, Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors Among Transgender Women—National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 7 U.S. Cities, 2019–2020. HIV
Surveillance Special Report 27. Published April 2021.
CDC»Flores AR, Herman JL, Gates GJ, Brown NT. How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States. Williams Institute: UCLA School of Law. June 2016.
Williams Institute»Herman JL, Flores AR, Brown NT, Wilson BDM, Conron KJ. Age of Individuals who Identify as Transgender in the United States. Williams Institute: UCLA School of Law. January 2017.
PubMed Abstract»Herman JL, Flores AR, O’Neill KK. How many adults and youth identify as transgender in the United States. Williams Institute: UCLA School of Law. June 2022.
Williams Institute»HIV PrEP Data in Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
Deutsch MB, Glidden DV, Sevelius J, et al. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in transgender women: a subgroup analysis of the iPrEx trial. Lancet HIV. 2015;2:e512-9.
PubMed Abstract»Deutsch MB. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Trans Populations: Providing Gender-Affirming Prevention for Trans People at High Risk of Acquiring HIV. LGBT Health. 2018;5:387-390.
PubMed Abstract»Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2587-99.
PubMed Abstract»Grant RM, Pellegrini M, Defechereux PA, et al. Sex Hormone Therapy and Tenofovir Diphosphate Concentration in Dried Blood Spots: Primary Results of the Interactions Between Antiretrovirals And Transgender Hormones Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:e2117-e2123.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Donnell D, Clement ME, et al. Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:595-608.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Molina JM, Thompson MA, et al. Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (DISCOVER): primary results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2020;396:239-54.
PubMed Abstract»Drug Interactions between HIV PrEP Medications and Gender-Affirming Hormones
Blair CS, Li S, Chau G, et al. Brief Report: Hormonal Contraception Use and Cabotegravir Pharmacokinetics in HIV-Uninfected Women Enrolled in HPTN 077. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;85:93-97.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Cirrincione LR, Podany AT, Havens JP, et al. Plasma and intracellular pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in transgender women receiving feminizing hormone therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75:1242-9.
PubMed Abstract»Cottrell ML, Prince HMA, Schauer AP, et al. Decreased tenofovir diphosphate concentrations in a transgender female cohort: implications for human immunodeficiency virus preexposure prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69:2201-4.
PubMed Abstract»Grant RM, Pellegrini M, Defechereux PA, et al. Sex Hormone Therapy and Tenofovir Diphosphate Concentration in Dried Blood Spots: Primary Results of the Interactions Between Antiretrovirals And Transgender Hormones Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:e2117-e2123.
PubMed Abstract»Hiransuthikul A, Janamnuaysook R, Himmad K, et al. Drug-drug interactions between feminizing hormone therapy and pre-exposure prophylaxis among transgender women: the iFACT study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2019;22:e25338.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Molina JM, Thompson MA, et al. Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (DISCOVER): primary results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2020;396:239-54.
PubMed Abstract»Shieh E, Marzinke MA, Fuchs EJ, et al. Transgender women on oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis have significantly lower tenofovir and emtricitabine concentrations when also taking oestrogen when compared to cisgender men. J Int AIDS Soc. 2019;22:e25405.
PubMed Abstract»Trezza C, Ford SL, Gould E, et al. Lack of effect of oral cabotegravir on the pharmacokinetics of a levonorgestrel/ethinyl oestradiol-containing oral contraceptive in healthy adult women. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83:1499-1505.
PubMed Abstract»Yager J, Brooks KM, Brothers J, et al. Gender-Affirming Hormone Pharmacokinetics Among Adolescent and Young Adult Transgender Persons Receiving Daily Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2022;38:939-43.
PubMed Abstract»Yager JL, Anderson PL. Pharmacology and drug interactions with HIV PrEP in transgender persons receiving gender affirming hormone therapy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2020;16:463-74.
PubMed Abstract»Obtaining a Sexual History with Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Reno H, Park I, Workowski K, Machefsky A, Bachmann L. A Guide to
Taking a Sexual History. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention.
CDC»Indications for HIV PrEP with Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Reno H, Park I, Workowski K, Machefsky A, Bachmann L. A Guide to
Taking a Sexual History. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention.
CDC»HIV PrEP Medication Options for Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Baseline and Follow-Up Laboratory Evaluation
Radix AE, Harris AB, Belkind U, Ting J, Goldstein ZG. Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of the Neovagina in Transgender Women. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6:ofz470.
PubMed Abstract»van der Sluis WB, Buncamper ME, Bouman MB, et al. Prevalence of Neovaginal High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Among Transgender Women in The Netherlands. Sex Transm Dis. 2016;43:503-5.
PubMed Abstract»Van Gerwen OT, Aryanpour Z, Selph JP, Muzny CA. Anatomical and sexual health considerations among transfeminine individuals who have undergone vaginoplasty: A review. Int J STD AIDS. 2022;33:106-13.
PubMed Abstract»Time to Achieve Protection After Initiating PrEP
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Addressing Barriers to HIV PrEP for Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
Ard KL, Makadon HJ. Addressing intimate partner violence in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26:930-3.
PubMed Abstract»Cahill SR, Keatley J, Wade Taylor S, et al. "Some of us, we don't know where we're going to be tomorrow." Contextual factors affecting PrEP use and adherence among a diverse sample of transgender women in San Francisco. AIDS Care. 2020;32:585-93.
PubMed Abstract»Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP, et al. Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8. Int J Transgend Health. 2022;23:S1-S259.
PubMed Abstract»Horvath KJ, Todd K, Arayasirikul S, Cotta NW, Stephenson R. Underutilization of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Services Among Transgender and Nonbinary Youth: Findings from Project Moxie and TechStep. Transgend Health. 2019;4:217-21.
PubMed Abstract»Keuroghlian AS, Ard KL, Makadon HJ. Advancing health equity for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people through sexual health education and LGBT-affirming health care environments. Sex Health. 2017;14:119-22.
PubMed Abstract»Keuroghlian AS. Psychiatric Care Considerations for Sexually and Gender Diverse Populations. J Clin Psychiatry. 2022;83:22com14579.
PubMed Abstract»Matacotta JJ, Rosales-Perez FJ, Carrillo CM. HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis and Treatment as Prevention - Beliefs and Access Barriers in Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) and Transgender Women: A Systematic Review. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2020;7:265-74.
PubMed Abstract»Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: A need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0241340.
PubMed Abstract»Nieto O, Fehrenbacher AE, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users. AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52.
PubMed Abstract»Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15.
PubMed Abstract»Poteat T, Wirtz A, Malik M, et al. A Gap Between Willingness and Uptake: Findings From Mixed Methods Research on HIV Prevention Among Black and Latina Transgender Women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;82:131-40.
PubMed Abstract»Radix AE, Harris AB, Goldstein ZG. How can we improve uptake of oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for transgender individuals? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2020;18:835-8.
PubMed Abstract»Rael CT, Martinez M, Giguere R, et al. Barriers and Facilitators to Oral PrEP Use Among Transgender Women in New York City. AIDS Behav. 2018;22:3627-36.
PubMed Abstract»Rowniak S, Ong-Flaherty C, Selix N, Kowell N. Attitudes, Beliefs, and Barriers to PrEP Among Trans Men. AIDS Educ Prev. 2017;29:302-14.
PubMed Abstract»Sevelius JM, Keatley J, Calma N, Arnold E. 'I am not a man': Trans-specific barriers and facilitators to PrEP acceptability among transgender women. Glob Public Health. 2016;11:1060-75.
PubMed Abstract»Watson CW, Pasipanodya E, Savin MJ, et al. Barriers and Facilitators to PrEP Initiation and Adherence Among Transgender and Gender Non-Binary Individuals in Southern California. AIDS Educ Prev. 2020;32:472-85.
PubMed Abstract»Wilson EC, Turner CM, Arayasirikul S, et al. Disparities in the PrEP continuum for trans women compared to MSM in San Francisco, California: results from population-based cross-sectional behavioural surveillance studies. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23 Suppl 3:e25539.
PubMed Abstract»Baral SD, Poteat T, Strömdahl S, Wirtz AL, Guadamuz TE, Beyrer C. Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:214-22.
PubMed Abstract»Bozzette SA, Finkelstein DM, Spector SA, et al. A randomized trial of three antipneumocystis agents in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:693-9.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2021. HIV Surveillance Report, 2021; vol. 34. Published May 2023.
CDC»Cohen C, Elion R, Ruane P, et al. Randomized, phase 2 evaluation of two single-tablet regimens elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the initial treatment of HIV infection. AIDS. 2011;25:F7-12.
PubMed Abstract»Cottrell ML, Prince HMA, Schauer AP, et al. Decreased tenofovir diphosphate concentrations in a transgender female cohort: implications for human immunodeficiency virus preexposure prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69:2201-4.
PubMed Abstract»Deutsch MB, Glidden DV, Sevelius J, et al. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in transgender women: a subgroup analysis of the iPrEx trial. Lancet HIV. 2015;2:e512-9.
PubMed Abstract»Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2587-99.
PubMed Abstract»Hiransuthikul A, Himmad L, Kerr SJ, et al. Drug-drug Interactions Among Thai Transgender Women Living with Human Immunodeficiency Undergoing Feminizing Hormone Therapy and Antiretroviral Therapy: The iFACT Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72:396-402.
PubMed Abstract»Klein A, Golub SA. Increasing Access to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Transgender Women and Transfeminine Nonbinary Individuals. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33:262-9.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Donnell D, Clement ME, et al. Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:595-608.
PubMed Abstract»Malone J, Reisner SL, Cooney EE, et al. Perceived HIV Acquisition Risk and Low Uptake of PrEP Among a Cohort of Transgender Women With PrEP Indication in the Eastern and Southern United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;88:10-18.
PubMed Abstract»Matacotta JJ, Rosales-Perez FJ, Carrillo CM. HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis and Treatment as Prevention - Beliefs and Access Barriers in Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) and Transgender Women: A Systematic Review. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2020;7:265-74.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Molina JM, Thompson MA, et al. Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (DISCOVER): primary results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2020;396:239-54.
PubMed Abstract»Panel on Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Updated: March 28, 2019.
HIV.gov»Reisner SL, Moore CS, Asquith A, et al. High risk and low uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV acquisition in a national online sample of transgender men who have sex with men in the United States. J Int AIDS Soc. 2019;22:e25391.
PubMed Abstract»Scheim AI, Bauer GR, Travers R. HIV-Related Sexual Risk Among Transgender Men Who Are Gay, Bisexual, or Have Sex With Men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74:e89-e96.
PubMed Abstract»Sevelius JM, Keatley J, Calma N, Arnold E. 'I am not a man': Trans-specific barriers and facilitators to PrEP acceptability among transgender women. Glob Public Health. 2016;11:1060-75.
PubMed Abstract»Sun CJ, Anderson KM, Kuhn T, Mayer L, Klein CH. A Sexual Health Promotion App for Transgender Women (Trans Women Connected): Development and Usability Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2020;8:e15888.
PubMed Abstract»Watson CW, Pasipanodya E, Savin MJ, et al. Barriers and Facilitators to PrEP Initiation and Adherence Among Transgender and Gender Non-Binary Individuals in Southern California. AIDS Educ Prev. 2020;32:472-85.
PubMed Abstract»Wilson EC, Turner CM, Arayasirikul S, et al. Disparities in the PrEP continuum for trans women compared to MSM in San Francisco, California: results from population-based cross-sectional behavioural surveillance studies. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23 Suppl 3:e25539.
PubMed Abstract»Wood SM, Lee S, Barg FK, Castillo M, Dowshen N. Young Transgender Women's Attitudes Toward HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis. J Adolesc Health. 2017;60:549-55.
PubMed Abstract»Lesson 3. HIV PrEP for Cisgender Women and Pregnant Persons
Background
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through December 2021; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through September 2021. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2022;3(No. 1). Published May 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through September 2022; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through June 2022. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2022;3(No. 4). Published December 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through September 2022; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through June 2023. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2023;4(No. 4). Published December 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2019. HIV Surveillance Report, 2021; vol. 32:1-123. Published May 2021.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2020. HIV Surveillance Report, 2022; vol. 33:1-143. Published May 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2021. HIV Surveillance Report, 2021; vol. 34. Published May 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2015–2019. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2021;26(No. 1):1-81. Published May 2021.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Monitoring selected national HIV prevention and care objectives by using HIV surveillance data—United States and 6 dependent areas, 2019. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report 2021;26(No.2). Published May 2021.
CDC»Nydegger LA, Dickson-Gomez J, Ko Ko T. A Longitudinal, Qualitative Exploration of Perceived HIV Risk, Healthcare Experiences, and Social Support as Facilitators and Barriers to PrEP Adoption Among Black Women. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:582-91.
PubMed Abstract»Nydegger LA, Dickson-Gomez J, Ko TK. Structural and syndemic barriers to PrEP adoption among Black women at high risk for HIV: a qualitative exploration. Cult Health Sex. 2021;23:659-73.
PubMed Abstract»Pollock L, Levison J. Role of Preexposure Prophylaxis in the Reproductive Health of Women at Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132:687-91.
PubMed Abstract»Sheth AN, Rolle CP, Gandhi M. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for women. J Virus Erad. 2016;2:149-55.
PubMed Abstract»Epidemiology of HIV in Cisgender Women
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2020. HIV Surveillance Report, 2022; vol. 33:1-143. Published May 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2021. HIV Surveillance Report, 2021; vol. 34. Published May 2023.
CDC»Evidence for HIV PrEP in Cisgender Women
Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:399-410.
PubMed Abstract»Delany-Moretlwe S, Hughes JP, Bock P, et al. Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1779–89.
PubMed Abstract»Marrazzo JM, Ramjee G, Richardson BA, et al. Tenofovir-based preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:509-18.
PubMed Abstract»Thigpen MC, Kebaabetswe PM, Paxton LA, et al. Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in Botswana. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:423-34.
PubMed Abstract»Van Damme L, Corneli A, Ahmed K, et al. Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:411-22.
PubMed Abstract»Evidence for HIV PrEP in Pregnant People and During Breastfeeding
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Delany-Moretlwe S, Hughes JP, Bock P, et al. Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1779–89.
PubMed Abstract»Dettinger JC, Kinuthia J, Pintye J, et al. Perinatal outcomes following maternal pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use during pregnancy: results from a large PrEP implementation program in Kenya. J Int AIDS Soc. 2019;22:e25378.
PubMed Abstract»Joseph Davey DL, Pintye J, Baeten JM, et al. Emerging evidence from a systematic review of safety of pre-exposure prophylaxis for pregnant and postpartum women: where are we now and where are we heading? J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23:e25426.
PubMed Abstract»Landovitz RJ, Li S, Grinsztejn B, et al. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable cabotegravir in low-risk HIV-uninfected individuals: HPTN 077, a phase 2a randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2018;15:e1002690.
PubMed Abstract»Mofenson LM, Baggaley RC, Mameletzis I. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate safety for women and their infants during pregnancy and breastfeeding. AIDS. 2017;31:213-232.
PubMed Abstract»Moodley D, Lombard C, Govender V, et al. Pregnancy and neonatal safety outcomes of timing of initiation of daily oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention (CAP016): an open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet HIV. 2023;10:e154-e163.
PubMed Abstract»Mugo NR, Hong T, Celum C, et al. Pregnancy incidence and outcomes among women receiving preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312:362-71.
PubMed Abstract»Mugwanya KK, Hendrix CW, Mugo NR, et al. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Use by Breastfeeding HIV-Uninfected Women: A Prospective Short-Term Study of Antiretroviral Excretion in Breast Milk and Infant Absorption. PLoS Med. 2016;13:e1002132.
PubMed Abstract»Panel on Treatment of HIV During Pregnancy and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission. Recommendations for the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs During Pregnancy and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to Prevent HIV During Periconception, Antepartum, and Postpartum Periods. January 31, 2023.
HIV.gov»Pyra M, Johnson AK, Devlin S, et al. HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Use and Persistence among Black Ciswomen: "Women Need to Protect Themselves, Period". J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2022;9:820-9.
PubMed Abstract»Stranix-Chibanda L, Anderson PL, Kacanek D, et al. Tenofovir Diphosphate Concentrations in Dried Blood Spots From Pregnant and Postpartum Adolescent and Young Women Receiving Daily Observed Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:e1893-e1900.
PubMed Abstract»HIV PrEP Indications for Cisgender Women and Pregnant People
Birkhead GS, Pulver WP, Warren BL, Hackel S, Rodríguez D, Smith L. Acquiring human immunodeficiency virus during pregnancy and mother-to-child transmission in New York: 2002-2006. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115:1247-55.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Panel on Treatment of HIV During Pregnancy and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission. Recommendations for the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs During Pregnancy and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to Prevent HIV During Periconception, Antepartum, and Postpartum Periods. January 31, 2023.
HIV.gov»Thomson KA, Hughes J, Baeten JM, et al. Increased Risk of HIV Acquisition Among Women Throughout Pregnancy and During the Postpartum Period: A Prospective Per-Coital-Act Analysis Among Women With HIV-Infected Partners. J Infect Dis. 2018;218:16-25.
PubMed Abstract»Recommended HIV PrEP Medication Options for Cisgender Women and Pregnant People
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Panel on Treatment of HIV During Pregnancy and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission. Recommendations for the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs During Pregnancy and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to Prevent HIV During Periconception, Antepartum, and Postpartum Periods. January 31, 2023.
HIV.gov»Interaction of HIV PrEP Medications with Hormonal Contraception
Blair CS, Li S, Chau G, et al. Brief Report: Hormonal Contraception Use and Cabotegravir Pharmacokinetics in HIV-Uninfected Women Enrolled in HPTN 077. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;85:93-97.
PubMed Abstract»Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents living with HIV. Department of Health and Human Services. Drug-drug interactions: drug interactions between nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and other drugs (including antiretroviral agents). June 3, 2021.
HIV.gov»Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents with HIV. Department of Health and Human Services. Drug-drug interactions: drug interactions between integrase inhibitors and other drugs. September 1, 2022.
HIV.gov»Baseline Laboratory Evaluation
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»US Public Health Service. Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2017 Update. A Clinical Practice Guideline. March 2018:1-77.
CDC»Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. Diseases characterized by vaginal itching, burning, irritation, odor or discharge: trichomoniasis. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021;70(No. RR-4):1-187.
2021 STI Treatment Guidelines»Time to Achieve Protection After Initiating PrEP
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Patterson KB, Prince HA, Kraft E, et al. Penetration of tenofovir and emtricitabine in mucosal tissues: implications for prevention of HIV-1 transmission. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3:112re4.
PubMed Abstract»Thurman AR, Schwartz JL, Cottrell ML, et al. Safety and Pharmacokinetics of a Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate-Emtricitabine based Oral Antiretroviral Regimen for Prevention of HIV Acquisition in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;36:100893.
PubMed Abstract»Follow-Up and Laboratory Monitoring
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Additional References
Baeten JM, Donnell D, Mugo NR, et al. Single-agent tenofovir versus combination emtricitabine plus tenofovir for pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-1 acquisition: an update of data from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:1055-64.
PubMed Abstract»Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:399-410.
PubMed Abstract»Blair CS, Li S, Chau G, et al. Brief Report: Hormonal Contraception Use and Cabotegravir Pharmacokinetics in HIV-Uninfected Women Enrolled in HPTN 077. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;85:93-97.
PubMed Abstract»Blumenthal J, Landovitz R, Jain S, et al. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Perspectives, Sociodemographic Characteristics, and HIV Risk Profiles of Cisgender Women Seeking and Initiating PrEP in a US Demonstration Project. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2021;35:481-7.
PubMed Abstract»Calabrese SK, Willie TC, Galvao RW, et al. Current US Guidelines for Prescribing HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Disqualify Many Women Who Are at Risk and Motivated to Use PrEP. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;81:395-405.
PubMed Abstract»Carley T, Siewert E, Naresh A. Interest in Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV is Limited Among Women in a General Obstetrics & Gynecology Setting. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2741-8.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: clinical providers’
supplement. December 2021:1-53.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through September 2022; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through June 2023. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2023;4(No. 4). Published December 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2021. HIV Surveillance Report, 2021; vol. 34. Published May 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2015–2019. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2021;26(No. 1):1-81. Published May 2021.
CDC»Chittamuru D, Frye V, Koblin BA, et al. PrEP Stigma, HIV Stigma, and Intention to Use PrEP among Women in New York City and Philadelphia. Stigma Health. 2020;5:240-6.
PubMed Abstract»Coleman CG, Sales JM, Escoffery C, Piper KN, Powell L, Sheth AN. Primary Care and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Services in Publicly Funded Family Planning Clinics in the Southern United States. J Gen Intern Med. 2021 Oct;36:2958-65.
PubMed Abstract»Delany-Moretlwe S, Hughes JP, Bock P, et al. Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1779–89.
PubMed Abstract»Drake AL, Wagner A, Richardson B, John-Stewart G. Incident HIV during pregnancy and postpartum and risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014;11:e1001608.
PubMed Abstract»Hensen B, Machingura F, Busza J, et al. How Can We Support the Use of Oral PrEP Among Young Women who Sell Sex? A PrEP Cascade Analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;88:45-56.
PubMed Abstract»Hodges-Mameletzis I, Fonner VA, Dalal S, Mugo N, Msimanga-Radebe B, Baggaley R. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Women: Current Status and Future Directions. Drugs. 2019;79:1263-76.
PubMed Abstract»Jones JL, Hanson DL, Chu SY, Ciesielski CA, Kaplan JE, Ward JW, Navin TR. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in HIV-infected persons: risk factors and trends. The Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Group. AIDS. 1996;10:1393-9.
PubMed Abstract»Karim QA, Archary D, Barré-Sinoussi F, et al. Women for science and science for women: Gaps, challenges and opportunities towards optimizing pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-1 prevention. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1055042.
PubMed Abstract»Koren DE, Nichols JS, Simoncini GM. HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Women: Survey of the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs in an Urban Obstetrics/Gynecology Clinic. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2018;32:490-4.
PubMed Abstract»Margot NA, Kitrinos KM, Fordyce M, McCallister S, Miller MD, Callebaut C. Rare emergence of drug resistance in HIV-1 treatment-naïve patients after 48 weeks of treatment with elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide. HIV Clin Trials. 2016;17:78-87.
PubMed Abstract»Panel on Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis. Updated: July 25, 2017.
HIV.gov»Panel on Treatment of HIV During Pregnancy and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission. Recommendations for the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs During Pregnancy and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to Prevent HIV During Periconception, Antepartum, and Postpartum Periods. January 31, 2023.
HIV.gov»Park CJ, Taylor TN, Gutierrez NR, Zingman BS, Blackstock OJ. Pathways to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Women Prescribed PrEP at an Urban Sexual Health Clinic. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30:321-9.
PubMed Abstract»Patel AS, Goparaju L, Sales JM, et al. Brief Report: PrEP Eligibility Among At-Risk Women in the Southern United States: Associated Factors, Awareness, and Acceptability. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;80:527-32.
PubMed Abstract»Patterson KB, Prince HA, Kraft E, et al. Penetration of tenofovir and emtricitabine in mucosal tissues: implications for prevention of HIV-1 transmission. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3:112re4.
PubMed Abstract»Piper KN, Escoffery C, Sales JM, Sheth AN. Models of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Care Used in Title X Family Planning Clinics in the Southern U.S. J Adolesc Health. 2021;68:480-7.
PubMed Abstract»Raifman JR, Schwartz SR, Sosnowy CD, et al. Brief Report: Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Awareness and Use Among Cisgender Women at a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;80:36-9.
PubMed Abstract»Roth AM, Tran NK, Felsher M, et al. Integrating HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis With Community-Based Syringe Services for Women Who Inject Drugs: Results From the Project SHE Demonstration Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;86:e61-e70.
PubMed Abstract»Sales JM, Escoffery C, Hussen SA, et al. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Implementation in Family Planning Services Across the Southern United States: Findings from a Survey Among Staff, Providers and Administrators Working in Title X-Funded Clinics. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:1901-12.
PubMed Abstract»Sax PE, Wohl D, Yin MT, et al. Tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, coformulated with elvitegravir, cobicistat, and emtricitabine, for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: two randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trials. Lancet. 2015;385:2606-15.
PubMed Abstract»Stewart J, Stadeli KM, Green ML, et al. A Co-Located Continuity Clinic Model to Address Healthcare Needs of Women Living Unhoused With Opioid Use Disorder, Who Engage in Transactional Sex in North Seattle. Sex Transm Dis. 2020;47:e5-e7.
PubMed Abstract»Thigpen MC, Kebaabetswe PM, Paxton LA, et al. Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in Botswana. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:423-34.
PubMed Abstract»Thurman AR, Schwartz JL, Cottrell ML, et al. Safety and Pharmacokinetics of a Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate-Emtricitabine based Oral Antiretroviral Regimen for Prevention of HIV Acquisition in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;36:100893.
PubMed Abstract»Tims-Cook Z. A Retrospective Assessment of Antecedent Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Eligibility of HIV-Positive Women in the South. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33:384-7.
PubMed Abstract»Van Damme L, Corneli A, Ahmed K, et al. Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:411-22.
PubMed Abstract»Willie TC, Kershaw TS, Blackstock O, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in women's HIV risk and attitudes towards pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the context of the substance use, violence, and depression syndemic. AIDS Care. 2021;33:219-28.
PubMed Abstract»Lesson 4. HIV PrEP for People Who Inject Drugs
Background
Alpren C, Dawson EL, John B, et al. Opioid Use Fueling HIV Transmission in an Urban Setting: An Outbreak of HIV Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs-Massachusetts, 2015-2018. Am J Public Health. 2020;110:37-44.
PubMed Abstract»Bradley H, Hall EW, Asher A, et al. Estimated Number of People Who Inject Drugs in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;76:96-102.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2021. HIV Surveillance Report, 2021; vol. 34. Published May 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2015–2019. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2021;26(No. 1):1-81. Published May 2021.
CDC»Des Jarlais DC, Sypsa V, Feelemyer J, et al. HIV outbreaks among people who inject drugs in Europe, North America, and Israel. Lancet HIV. 2020;7:e434-e42.
PubMed Abstract»Golden MR, Lechtenberg R, Glick SN, et al. Outbreak of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Heterosexual Persons Who Are Living Homeless and Inject Drugs - Seattle, Washington, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:344-9.
PubMed Abstract»Lyss SB, Buchacz K, McClung RP, Asher A, Oster AM. Responding to Outbreaks of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Persons Who Inject Drugs-United States, 2016-2019: Perspectives on Recent Experience and Lessons Learned. J Infect Dis. 2020;222:S239-S249.
PubMed Abstract»Mistler CB, Copenhaver MM, Shrestha R. The Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Care Cascade in People Who Inject Drugs: A Systematic Review. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:1490-1506.
PubMed Abstract»Peters PJ, Pontones P, Hoover KW, et al. HIV Infection Linked to Injection Use of Oxymorphone in Indiana, 2014-2015. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:229-39.
PubMed Abstract»Streed CG Jr, Morgan JR, Gai MJ, Larochelle MR, Paasche-Orlow MK, Taylor JL. Prevalence of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Prescribing Among Persons With Commercial Insurance and Likely Injection Drug Use. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2221346.
PubMed Abstract»Epidemiology of HIV among PWID
Alpren C, Dawson EL, John B, et al. Opioid Use Fueling HIV Transmission in an Urban Setting: An Outbreak of HIV Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs-Massachusetts, 2015-2018. Am J Public Health. 2020;110:37-44.
PubMed Abstract»Atkins A, McClung RP, Kilkenny M, et al. Notes from the Field: Outbreak of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Persons Who Inject Drugs - Cabell County, West Virginia, 2018-2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:499-500.
PubMed Abstract»Biello KB, Bazzi AR, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Perspectives on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) utilization and related intervention needs among people who inject drugs. Harm Reduct J. 2018;15:55.
PubMed Abstract»Burnett JC, Broz D, Spiller MW, Wejnert C, Paz-Bailey G. HIV Infection and HIV-Associated Behaviors Among Persons Who Inject Drugs - 20 Cities, United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:23-8.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2020. HIV Surveillance Report, 2022; vol. 33:1-143. Published May 2022.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2021. HIV Surveillance Report, 2021; vol. 34. Published May 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2015–2019. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2021;26(No. 1):1-81. Published May 2021.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Infection, Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors among Persons Who Inject Drugs National HIV Behavioral Surveillance: Injection Drug Use, 20 U.S. Cities, 2015. HIV Surveillance Special Report 18:1-38. Revised edition: Published May 2018.
CDC»Des Jarlais DC, Sypsa V, Feelemyer J, et al. HIV outbreaks among people who inject drugs in Europe, North America, and Israel. Lancet HIV. 2020;7:e434-e42.
PubMed Abstract»Golden MR, Lechtenberg R, Glick SN, et al. Outbreak of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Heterosexual Persons Who Are Living Homeless and Inject Drugs - Seattle, Washington, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:344-9.
PubMed Abstract»Kim MM, Conyngham SC, Smith C, et al. Understanding the Intersection of Behavioral Risk and Social Determinants of Health and the Impact on an Outbreak of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Persons Who Inject Drugs in Philadelphia. J Infect Dis. 2020;222:S250-S258.
PubMed Abstract»Lansky A, Finlayson T, Johnson C, et al. Estimating the number of persons who inject drugs in the united states by meta-analysis to calculate national rates of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections. PLoS One. 2014;9:e97596.
PubMed Abstract»Lyss SB, Buchacz K, McClung RP, Asher A, Oster AM. Responding to Outbreaks of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Persons Who Inject Drugs-United States, 2016-2019: Perspectives on Recent Experience and Lessons Learned. J Infect Dis. 2020;222:S239-S249.
PubMed Abstract»Oregon Health Authority. Health officials alert public to increase in HIV infections among people who use drugs. HIV Data
Oregon Public Health Division.
Oregon Health Authority»Peters PJ, Pontones P, Hoover KW, et al. HIV Infection Linked to Injection Use of Oxymorphone in Indiana, 2014-2015. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:229-39.
PubMed Abstract»Prejean J, Song R, Hernandez A, et al. Estimated HIV Incidence in the United States, 2006-2009. PLoS One. 2011;6:e17502.
PubMed Abstract»Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2020). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP20-07-01-001, NSDUH Series H-55). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
SAMHSA»Tumpney M, John B, Panneer N, et al. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Outbreak Investigation Among Persons Who Inject Drugs in Massachusetts Enhanced by HIV Sequence Data. J Infect Dis. 2020;222:S259-S267.
PubMed Abstract»Factors Associated with Increased Risk for HIV Among PWID
Abara WE, Qaseem A, Schillie S, McMahon BJ, Harris AM. Hepatitis B Vaccination, Screening, and Linkage to Care: Best Practice Advice From the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167:794-804.
PubMed Abstract»Alpren C, Dawson EL, John B, et al. Opioid Use Fueling HIV Transmission in an Urban Setting: An Outbreak of HIV Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs-Massachusetts, 2015-2018. Am J Public Health. 2020;110:37-44.
PubMed Abstract»Atkins A, McClung RP, Kilkenny M, et al. Notes from the Field: Outbreak of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Persons Who Inject Drugs - Cabell County, West Virginia, 2018-2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:499-500.
PubMed Abstract»Burnett JC, Broz D, Spiller MW, Wejnert C, Paz-Bailey G. HIV Infection and HIV-Associated Behaviors Among Persons Who Inject Drugs - 20 Cities, United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:23-8.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Infection, Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors among Persons Who Inject Drugs National HIV Behavioral Surveillance: Injection Drug Use, 20 U.S. Cities, 2015. HIV Surveillance Special Report 18:1-38. Revised edition: Published May 2018.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Infection, Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors among Persons Who Inject Drugs National HIV Behavioral Surveillance: Injection Drug Use, 23 U.S. Cities, 2018. HIV Surveillance Special Report 24:1-43. Revised edition: Published February 2020.
CDC»Golden MR, Lechtenberg R, Glick SN, et al. Outbreak of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Heterosexual Persons Who Are Living Homeless and Inject Drugs - Seattle, Washington, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:344-9.
PubMed Abstract»Kim MM, Conyngham SC, Smith C, et al. Understanding the Intersection of Behavioral Risk and Social Determinants of Health and the Impact on an Outbreak of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Persons Who Inject Drugs in Philadelphia. J Infect Dis. 2020;222:S250-S258.
PubMed Abstract»Larney S, Mathers BM, Poteat T, Kamarulzaman A, Degenhardt L. Global Epidemiology of HIV Among Women and Girls Who Use or Inject Drugs: Current Knowledge and Limitations of Existing Data. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;69 Suppl 2:S100-9.
PubMed Abstract»Nerlander LM, Hess KL, Rose CE, et al. Exchange Sex and HIV Infection Among Women Who Inject Drugs-20 US Cities, 2009. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75 Suppl 3:S333-40.
PubMed Abstract»Peters PJ, Pontones P, Hoover KW, et al. HIV Infection Linked to Injection Use of Oxymorphone in Indiana, 2014-2015. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:229-39.
PubMed Abstract»Evidence for HIV PrEP Among PWID
Choopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasamai P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013;381:2083-90.
PubMed Abstract»Assessing Indications for HIV PrEP Among PWID
Burnett JC, Broz D, Spiller MW, Wejnert C, Paz-Bailey G. HIV Infection and HIV-Associated Behaviors Among Persons Who Inject Drugs - 20 Cities, United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:23-8.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: clinical providers’
supplement. December 2021:1-53.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Infection, Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors among Persons Who Inject Drugs National HIV Behavioral Surveillance: Injection Drug Use, 20 U.S. Cities, 2015. HIV Surveillance Special Report 18:1-38. Revised edition: Published May 2018.
CDC»Kral AH, Bluthenthal RN, Lorvick J, Gee L, Bacchetti P, Edlin BR. Sexual transmission of HIV-1 among injection drug users in San Francisco, USA: risk-factor analysis. Lancet. 2001;357:1397-401.
PubMed Abstract»Smith DK, Pan Y, Rose CE, et al. A Brief Screening Tool to Assess the Risk of Contracting HIV Infection Among Active Injection Drug Users. J Addict Med. 2015;9:226-32.
PubMed Abstract»US Preventive Services Task Force, Owens DK, Davidson KW, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2019;321:2203-13.
PubMed Abstract»US Preventive Services Task Force; Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Acquisition of HIV: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2023;330:736-45.
PubMed Abstract»US Public Health Service. Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update. A clinical practice guideline. June 2021:1-106.
CDC»US Public Health Service. Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update. Clinical providers' supplement. June 2021:1-50.
ADD REFERENCE LINK»Recommended HIV PrEP Medications for PWID
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: clinical providers’
supplement. December 2021:1-53.
CDC»Choopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasamai P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013;381:2083-90.
PubMed Abstract»US Preventive Services Task Force; Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Acquisition of HIV: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2023;330:736-45.
PubMed Abstract»Baseline Laboratory Evaluation
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: clinical providers’
supplement. December 2021:1-53.
CDC»Choopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasamai P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013;381:2083-90.
PubMed Abstract»Cottrell ML, Yang KH, Prince HM, et al. A translational pharmacology approach to predicting outcomes of preexposure prophylaxis against HIV in men and women using tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with or without emtricitabine. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:55-64.
PubMed Abstract»Patterson KB, Prince HA, Kraft E, et al. Penetration of tenofovir and emtricitabine in mucosal tissues: implications for prevention of HIV-1 transmission. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3:112re4.
PubMed Abstract»US Preventive Services Task Force, Owens DK, Davidson KW, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2019;321:2203-13.
PubMed Abstract»US Public Health Service. Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update. A clinical practice guideline. June 2021:1-106.
CDC»Follow-Up and Laboratory Monitoring
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Implementation of HIV PrEP for PWID
Abara WE, Qaseem A, Schillie S, McMahon BJ, Harris AM. Hepatitis B Vaccination, Screening, and Linkage to Care: Best Practice Advice From the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167:794-804.
PubMed Abstract»Allen ST, O'Rourke A, White RH, Sherman SG, Grieb SM. Perspectives on Fentanyl Test Strip Use among People Who Inject Drugs in Rural Appalachia. Subst Use Misuse. 2020;55:1594-1600.
PubMed Abstract»Bazzi AR, Biancarelli DL, Childs E, et al. Limited Knowledge and Mixed Interest in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention Among People Who Inject Drugs. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2018;32:529-37.
PubMed Abstract»Biello KB, Bazzi AR, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Perspectives on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) utilization and related intervention needs among people who inject drugs. Harm Reduct J. 2018;15:55.
PubMed Abstract»Doshani M, Weng M, Moore KL, Romero JR, Nelson NP. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for Use of Hepatitis A Vaccine for Persons Experiencing Homelessness. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:153-6.
PubMed Abstract»Fiore AE, Wasley A, Bell BP. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55:1-23.
PubMed Abstract»Footer KHA, Lim S, Rael CT, et al. Exploring new and existing PrEP modalities among female sex workers and women who inject drugs in a U.S. city. AIDS Care. 2019;31:1207-13.
PubMed Abstract»Jo Y, Bartholomew TS, Doblecki-Lewis S, et al. Interest in linkage to PrEP among people who inject drugs accessing syringe services; Miami, Florida. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0231424.
PubMed Abstract»Kuo I, Olsen H, Patrick R, et al. Willingness to use HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among community-recruited, older people who inject drugs in Washington, DC. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;164:8-13.
PubMed Abstract»McFarland W, Lin J, Santos GM, Arayasirikul S, Raymond HF, Wilson E. Low PrEP Awareness and Use Among People Who Inject Drugs, San Francisco, 2018. AIDS Behav. 2020;24:1290-3.
PubMed Abstract»Roth A, Tran N, Piecara B, Welles S, Shinefeld J, Brady K. Factors Associated with Awareness of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Among Persons Who Inject Drugs in Philadelphia: National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 2015. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:1833-40.
PubMed Abstract»Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, et al. Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018;67:1-31.
PubMed Abstract»Sherman SG, Schneider KE, Park JN, et al. PrEP awareness, eligibility, and interest among people who inject drugs in Baltimore, Maryland. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;195:148-55.
PubMed Abstract»Walters SM, Reilly KH, Neaigus A, Braunstein S. Awareness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among women who inject drugs in NYC: the importance of networks and syringe exchange programs for HIV prevention. Harm Reduct J. 2017;14:40.
PubMed Abstract»Walters SM, Rivera AV, Starbuck L, et al. Differences in Awareness of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis and Post-exposure Prophylaxis Among Groups At-Risk for HIV in New York State: New York City and Long Island, NY, 2011-2013. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75 Suppl 3:S383-91.
PubMed Abstract»Weinbaum CM, Williams I, Mast EE, et al. Recommendations for identification and public health management of persons with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008;57:1-20.
PubMed Abstract»Additional Care Services for PWID
AASLD/IDSA. Recommendations for testing, management, and treating hepatitis C. When and in whom to initiate HCV therapy.
AASLD/IDSA Hepatitis C Guidance»Abraham AJ, Adams GB, Bradford AC, Bradford WD. County-level access to opioid use disorder medications in medicare Part D (2010-2015). Health Serv Res. 2019;54:390-398.
PubMed Abstract»Bhattacharya D, Aronsohn A, Price J, Lo Re V. Hepatitis C Guidance 2023 Update: AASLD-IDSA Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 May 25;ciad319.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2019 Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Report—Hepatitis C. Published May 2021.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hepatitis B Surveillance 2021. Published August 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hepatitis C Surveillance 2021. Published August 2023.
CDC»Collier MG, Drobeniuc J, Cuevas-Mota J, Garfein RS, Kamili S, Teshale EH. Hepatitis A and B among young persons who inject drugs--vaccination, past, and present infection. Vaccine. 2015;33:2808-12.
PubMed Abstract»Conners EE, Panagiotakopoulos L, Hofmeister MG, et al. Screening and Testing for Hepatitis B Virus Infection: CDC Recommendations - United States, 2023. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2023;72:1-25.
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PubMed Abstract»Nelson NP, Weng MK, Hofmeister MG, et al. Prevention of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020;69:1-38.
PubMed Abstract»Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, et al. Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018;67:1-31.
PubMed Abstract»Schillie S, Wester C, Osborne M, Wesolowski L, Ryerson AB. CDC Recommendations for Hepatitis C Screening Among Adults - United States, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020;69:1-17.
PubMed Abstract»Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Medications for Opioid Use Disorder. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 63. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 09-4380. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Updated 2021.
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PubMed Abstract»Wyse JJ, Gordon AJ, Dobscha SK, et al. Medications for opioid use disorder in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system: Historical perspective, lessons learned, and next steps. Subst Abus. 2018;39:139-44.
PubMed Abstract»Yin S, Barker L, Ly KN, et al. Susceptibility to Hepatitis A Virus Infection in the United States, 2007-2016. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:e571-e579.
PubMed Abstract»Alessandri-Gradt E, Charpentier C, Leoz M, Mourez T, Descamps D, Plantier JC. Impact of natural polymorphisms of HIV-1 non-group M on genotypic susceptibility to the attachment inhibitor fostemsavir. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73:2716-20.
PubMed Abstract»Anderson PL, Kiser JJ, Gardner EM, Rower JE, Meditz A, Grant RM. Pharmacological considerations for tenofovir and emtricitabine to prevent HIV infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:240-50.
PubMed Abstract»Bernard CL, Brandeau ML, Humphreys K, et al. Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis for People Who Inject Drugs in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165:10-19.
PubMed Abstract»Bernard CL, Owens DK, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Brandeau ML. Estimation of the cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention portfolios for people who inject drugs in the United States: A model-based analysis. PLoS Med. 2017;14:e1002312.
PubMed Abstract»Biello KB, Bazzi AR, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Perspectives on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) utilization and related intervention needs among people who inject drugs. Harm Reduct J. 2018;15:55.
PubMed Abstract»Bouba Y, Berno G, Fabeni L, et al. Identification of gp120 polymorphisms in HIV-1 B subtype potentially associated with resistance to fostemsavir. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75:1778-86.
PubMed Abstract»Brinson C, Lalezari J, Gulam LH, et al. HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug BMS-663068 in antiretroviral-experienced subjects: week 24 sub-group analysis. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014;17:19529.
PubMed Abstract»Burnett JC, Broz D, Spiller MW, Wejnert C, Paz-Bailey G. HIV Infection and HIV-Associated Behaviors Among Persons Who Inject Drugs - 20 Cities, United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:23-8.
PubMed Abstract»Cahn P, Fink V, Patterson P. Fostemsavir: a new CD4 attachment inhibitor. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2018;13:341-345.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: clinical providers’
supplement. December 2021:1-53.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2021. HIV Surveillance Report, 2021; vol. 34. Published May 2023.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2015–2019. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2021;26(No. 1):1-81. Published May 2021.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Infection, Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors among Persons Who Inject Drugs National HIV Behavioral Surveillance: Injection Drug Use, 23 U.S. Cities, 2018. HIV Surveillance Special Report 24:1-43. Revised edition: Published February 2020.
CDC»Chêne G, Phillips A, Costagliola D, et al. Cohort Profile: Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE) in EuroCoord. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46:797-797n.
PubMed Abstract»Choopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasamai P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013;381:2083-90.
PubMed Abstract»Conners EE, Panagiotakopoulos L, Hofmeister MG, et al. Screening and Testing for Hepatitis B Virus Infection: CDC Recommendations - United States, 2023. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2023;72:1-25.
PubMed Abstract»Cottrell ML, Yang KH, Prince HM, et al. A translational pharmacology approach to predicting outcomes of preexposure prophylaxis against HIV in men and women using tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with or without emtricitabine. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:55-64.
PubMed Abstract»Cranston K, Alpren C, John B, et al. Notes from the Field: HIV Diagnoses Among Persons Who Inject Drugs - Northeastern Massachusetts, 2015-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:253-4.
PubMed Abstract»Degenhardt L, Peacock A, Colledge S, et al. Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5:e1192-e1207.
PubMed Abstract»Des Jarlais DC, Sypsa V, Feelemyer J, et al. HIV outbreaks among people who inject drugs in Europe, North America, and Israel. Lancet HIV. 2020;7:e434-e442.
PubMed Abstract»Fu R, Owens DK, Brandeau ML. Cost-effectiveness of alternative strategies for provision of HIV preexposure prophylaxis for people who inject drugs. AIDS. 2018;32:663-72.
PubMed Abstract»Jung Y, Song KH, Choe PG, et al. Incidence of disseminated Mycobacterium avium-complex infection in HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy with use of Mycobacterium avium-complex prophylaxis. Int J STD AIDS. 2017;28:1426-1432.
PubMed Abstract»Kozal M, Aberg J, Pialoux G, et al. Fostemsavir in Adults with Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 Infection. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1232-43.
PubMed Abstract»Krebs E, Zang X, Enns B, et al. Ending the HIV Epidemic Among Persons Who Inject Drugs: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Six US Cities. J Infect Dis. 2020;222:S301-S311.
PubMed Abstract»Lagishetty C, Moore K, Ackerman P, Llamoso C, Magee M. Effects of Temsavir, Active Moiety of Antiretroviral Agent Fostemsavir, on QT Interval: Results From a Phase I Study and an Exposure-Response Analysis. Clin Transl Sci. 2020;13:769-776.
PubMed Abstract»Lalezari J, Latiff GH, Brinson C, et al. Safety profile of HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug BMS-663068 in antiretroviral-experienced subjects: week 24 analysis. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014;17:19530.
PubMed Abstract»Lalezari JP, Latiff GH, Brinson C, et al. Safety and efficacy of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug BMS-663068 in treatment-experienced individuals: 24 week results of AI438011, a phase 2b, randomised controlled trial. Lancet HIV. 2015;2:e427-37.
PubMed Abstract»Landry I, Zhu L, Abu Tarif M, et al. Model-Based Phase 3 Dose Selection for HIV-1 Attachment Inhibitor Prodrug BMS-663068 in HIV-1-Infected Patients: Population Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of the Active Moiety, BMS-626529. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:2782-9.
PubMed Abstract»Langley DR, Kimura SR, Sivaprakasam P, et al. Homology models of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor BMS-626529 bound to gp120 suggest a unique mechanism of action. Proteins. 2015;83:331-50.
PubMed Abstract»Lansky A, Finlayson T, Johnson C, et al. Estimating the number of persons who inject drugs in the united states by meta-analysis to calculate national rates of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections. PLoS One. 2014;9:e97596.
PubMed Abstract»Lataillade M, Lalezari JP, Kozal M, et al. Safety and efficacy of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug fostemsavir in heavily treatment-experienced individuals: week 96 results of the phase 3 BRIGHTE study. Lancet HIV. 2020;7:e740-e751.
PubMed Abstract»Lataillade M, Zhou N, Joshi SR, et al. Viral Drug Resistance Through 48 Weeks, in a Phase 2b, Randomized, Controlled Trial of the HIV-1 Attachment Inhibitor Prodrug, Fostemsavir. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;77:299-307.
PubMed Abstract»Lepore L, Fabrizio C, Bavaro DF, et al. Gp120 substitutions at positions associated with resistance to fostemsavir in treatment-naive HIV-1-positive individuals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75:1580-7.
PubMed Abstract»Li Z, Zhou N, Sun Y, et al. Activity of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor BMS-626529, the active component of the prodrug BMS-663068, against CD4-independent viruses and HIV-1 envelopes resistant to other entry inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:4172-80.
PubMed Abstract»Lyss SB, Buchacz K, McClung RP, Asher A, Oster AM. Responding to Outbreaks of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Persons Who Inject Drugs-United States, 2016-2019: Perspectives on Recent Experience and Lessons Learned. J Infect Dis. 2020;222:S239-S249.
PubMed Abstract»Moore K, Magee M, Sevinsky H, et al. Methadone and buprenorphine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics when coadministered with fostemsavir to opioid-dependent, human immunodeficiency virus seronegative participants. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;85:1771-1780.
PubMed Abstract»Nettles RE, Schürmann D, Zhu L, et al. Pharmacodynamics, safety, and pharmacokinetics of BMS-663068, an oral HIV-1 attachment inhibitor in HIV-1-infected subjects. J Infect Dis. 2012;206:1002-11.
PubMed Abstract»Panel on Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Mycobacterium avium complex disease. Updated: February 15, 2019.
HIV.gov»Patterson KB, Prince HA, Kraft E, et al. Penetration of tenofovir and emtricitabine in mucosal tissues: implications for prevention of HIV-1 transmission. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3:112re4.
PubMed Abstract»Post FA, Tebas P, Clarke A, et al. Brief Report: Switching to Tenofovir Alafenamide, Coformulated With Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, and Emtricitabine, in HIV-Infected Adults With Renal Impairment: 96-Week Results From a Single-Arm, Multicenter, Open-Label Phase 3 Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74:180-184.
PubMed Abstract»Pozniak A, Arribas JR, Gathe J, et al. Switching to Tenofovir Alafenamide, Coformulated With Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, and Emtricitabine, in HIV-Infected Patients With Renal Impairment: 48-Week Results From a Single-Arm, Multicenter, Open-Label Phase 3 Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;71:530-7.
PubMed Abstract»Ray N, Hwang C, Healy MD, et al. Prediction of virological response and assessment of resistance emergence to the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor BMS-626529 during 8-day monotherapy with its prodrug BMS-663068. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;64:7-15.
PubMed Abstract»Roth AM, Aumaier BL, Felsher MA, et al. An Exploration of Factors Impacting Preexposure Prophylaxis Eligibility and Access Among Syringe Exchange Users. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45:217-21.
PubMed Abstract»Saladini F, Giannini A, Giammarino F, et al. In vitro susceptibility to fostemsavir is not affected by long-term exposure to antiviral therapy in MDR HIV-1-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75:2547-53.
PubMed Abstract»Schillie S, Wester C, Osborne M, Wesolowski L, Ryerson AB. CDC Recommendations for Hepatitis C Screening Among Adults - United States, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020;69:1-17.
PubMed Abstract»Seval N, Frank C, Kozal M. Fostemsavir for the treatment of HIV. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2021;19:961-6.
PubMed Abstract»Thompson M, Lalezari JP, Kaplan R, et al. Safety and efficacy of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug fostemsavir in antiretroviral-experienced subjects: week 48 analysis of AI438011, a Phase IIb, randomized controlled trial. Antivir Ther. 2017;22:215-223.
PubMed Abstract»US Preventive Services Task Force; Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Acquisition of HIV: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2023;330:736-45.
PubMed Abstract»Yangco BG, Buchacz K, Baker R, Palella FJ, Armon C, Brooks JT. Is primary Mycobacterium avium complex prophylaxis necessary in patients with CD4 <50 cells/μL who are virologically suppressed on cART? AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2014;28:280-3.
PubMed Abstract»Zhang Y, Chapman JH, Ulcay A, Sutton RE. Neutralization Synergy between HIV-1 Attachment Inhibitor Fostemsavir and Anti-CD4 Binding Site Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV. J Virol. 2019;93:e01446-18.
PubMed Abstract»Zhou N, Nowicka-Sans B, McAuliffe B, et al. Genotypic correlates of susceptibility to HIV-1 attachment inhibitor BMS-626529, the active agent of the prodrug BMS-663068. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:573-81.
PubMed Abstract»Zhu L, Hruska M, Hwang C, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between BMS-626529, the active moiety of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug BMS-663068, and ritonavir or ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in healthy subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:3816-22.
PubMed Abstract»Lesson 5. Same Day (Rapid) Start for Oral HIV PrEP
Background
Bhatia R, Modali L, Lowther M, et al. Outcomes of Preexposure Prophylaxis Referrals From Public STI Clinics and Implications for the Preexposure Prophylaxis Continuum. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45:50-5.
PubMed Abstract»Flash CA, Adegboyega OO, Yu X, et al. Correlates of Linkage to HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Among HIV-Testing Clients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;77:365-72.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Agwu A, Malebranche D. Barriers to the Wider Use of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the United States: A Narrative Review. Adv Ther. 2020;37:1778-1811.
PubMed Abstract»Nunn AS, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Oldenburg CE, et al. Defining the HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis care continuum. AIDS. 2017;31:731-4.
PubMed Abstract»Patel RR, Nunn AS, Mayer KH, et al. Successful Linkage to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention Using a Multicomponent Implementation Strategy Among the Uninsured/Underinsured. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33:45-8.
PubMed Abstract»Rowan SE, Patel RR, Schneider JA, Smith DK. Same-day prescribing of daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention. Lancet HIV. 2021;8:e114-e120.
PubMed Abstract»Experience for Same Day HIV PrEP
Chan PA, Mena L, Patel R, et al. Retention in care outcomes for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis implementation programmes among men who have sex with men in three US cities. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016;19:20903.
PubMed Abstract»Kamis KF, Marx GE, Scott KA, et al. Same-Day HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Initiation During Drop-in Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic Appointments Is a Highly Acceptable, Feasible, and Safe Model that Engages Individuals at Risk for HIV into PrEP Care. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6:ofz310.
PubMed Abstract»Khosropour CM, Backus KV, Means AR, et al. A Pharmacist-Led, Same-Day, HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Initiation Program to Increase PrEP Uptake and Decrease Time to PrEP Initiation. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2020;34:1-6.
PubMed Abstract»Mikati T, Jamison K, Daskalakis D. Immediate PrEP initiation at New York City sexual health clinics. Program and abstracts of the 2019 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; March 4-7, 2019; Seattle, WA. Abstract 962.
CROI»Ramchandani MS, Berzkalns A, Cannon CA, et al. A Demedicalized Model to Provide PrEP in a Sexual Health Clinic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2022;90:530-7.
PubMed Abstract»Rowan SE, Patel RR, Schneider JA, Smith DK. Same-day prescribing of daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention. Lancet HIV. 2021;8:e114-e120.
PubMed Abstract»Rusie LK, Orengo C, Burrell D, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis Initiation and Retention in Care Over 5 Years, 2012-2017: Are Quarterly Visits Too Much? Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67:283-287.
PubMed Abstract»Providing Same Day HIV PrEP
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Khosropour CM, Backus KV, Means AR, et al. A Pharmacist-Led, Same-Day, HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Initiation Program to Increase PrEP Uptake and Decrease Time to PrEP Initiation. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2020;34:1-6.
PubMed Abstract»Rowan SE, Patel RR, Schneider JA, Smith DK. Same-day prescribing of daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention. Lancet HIV. 2021;8:e114-e120.
PubMed Abstract»Rusie LK, Orengo C, Burrell D, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis Initiation and Retention in Care Over 5 Years, 2012-2017: Are Quarterly Visits Too Much? Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67:283-287.
PubMed Abstract»Potential Concerns with Same-Day HIV PrEP
Khosropour CM, Backus KV, Means AR, et al. A Pharmacist-Led, Same-Day, HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Initiation Program to Increase PrEP Uptake and Decrease Time to PrEP Initiation. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2020;34:1-6.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Agwu A, Malebranche D. Barriers to the Wider Use of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the United States: A Narrative Review. Adv Ther. 2020;37:1778-1811.
PubMed Abstract»Mikati T, Jamison K, Daskalakis D. Immediate PrEP initiation at New York City sexual health clinics. Program and abstracts of the 2019 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; March 4-7, 2019; Seattle, WA. Abstract 962.
CROI»Rowan SE, Patel RR, Schneider JA, Smith DK. Same-day prescribing of daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention. Lancet HIV. 2021;8:e114-e120.
PubMed Abstract»Rusie LK, Orengo C, Burrell D, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis Initiation and Retention in Care Over 5 Years, 2012-2017: Are Quarterly Visits Too Much? Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67:283-287.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: clinical providers’
supplement. December 2021:1-53.
CDC»Cockbain B, Whitlock G. Immediate PrEP when accessing PEP: A service evaluation. HIV Med. 2022 Mar 29.[Online ahead of print]
PubMed Abstract»Haskelberg H, Hoy JF, Amin J, et al. Changes in bone turnover and bone loss in HIV-infected patients changing treatment to tenofovir-emtricitabine or abacavir-lamivudine. PLoS One. 2012;7:e38377.
PubMed Abstract»Haskelberg H, Pocock N, Amin J, et al. Hip structural parameters over 96 weeks in HIV-infected adults switching treatment to tenofovir-emtricitabine or abacavir-lamivudine. PLoS One. 2014;9:e94858.
PubMed Abstract»Khosropour CM, Backus KV, Means AR, et al. A Pharmacist-Led, Same-Day, HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Initiation Program to Increase PrEP Uptake and Decrease Time to PrEP Initiation. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2020;34:1-6.
PubMed Abstract»Martin A, Bloch M, Amin J, et al. Simplification of antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir-emtricitabine or abacavir-Lamivudine: a randomized, 96-week trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1591-601.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Agwu A, Malebranche D. Barriers to the Wider Use of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the United States: A Narrative Review. Adv Ther. 2020;37:1778-1811.
PubMed Abstract»McKinsey DS, Wheat LJ, Cloud GA, et al. Itraconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:1049–56.
PubMed Abstract»Panel on Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Histoplasmosis. Last updated: September 13, 2019.
HIV.gov»Phanuphak N, Sungsing T, Jantarapakde J, et al. Princess PrEP program: the first key population-led model to deliver pre-exposure prophylaxis to key populations by key populations in Thailand. Sex Health. 2018;15:542-55.
PubMed Abstract»Rowan SE, Patel RR, Schneider JA, Smith DK. Same-day prescribing of daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention. Lancet HIV. 2021;8:e114-e120.
PubMed Abstract»Rusie LK, Orengo C, Burrell D, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis Initiation and Retention in Care Over 5 Years, 2012-2017: Are Quarterly Visits Too Much? Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67:283-287.
PubMed Abstract»Siegler AJ, Steehler K, Sales JM, Krakower DS. A Review of HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Streamlining Strategies. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2020;17:643-53.
PubMed Abstract»Sullivan PS, Mena L, Elopre L, Siegler AJ. Implementation Strategies to Increase PrEP Uptake in the South. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2019;16:259-69.
PubMed Abstract»Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, Baddley JW, McKinsey DS, Loyd JE, Kauffman CA; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-25.
PubMed Abstract»Lesson 6. Providing HIV PrEP in Sexual Health Clinic Settings
Background
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative : HIV diagnoses and linkage to HIV medical care, 2019 and 2020 (preliminary data reported through June 2020). HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2020;1(No. 6). Published October 2020.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through September 2021; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through June 2021. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2021;2(No. 5).
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through September 2022; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through June 2023. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2023;4(No. 4). Published December 2023.
CDC»Harris NS, Johnson AS, Huang YA, et al. Vital Signs: Status of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing, Viral Suppression, and HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis - United States, 2013-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:1117-23.
PubMed Abstract»Rationale for Providing HIV PrEP in Sexual Health Clinics
Barbee LA, Khosropour CM, Dombrowksi JC, Golden MR. New Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnosis Independently Associated With Rectal Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in Men Who Have Sex With Men. Sex Transm Dis. 2017;44:385-9.
PubMed Abstract»Bernstein KT, Marcus JL, Nieri G, Philip SS, Klausner JD. Rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia reinfection is associated with increased risk of HIV seroconversion. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;53:537-43.
PubMed Abstract»Bhatia R, Modali L, Lowther M, et al. Outcomes of Preexposure Prophylaxis Referrals From Public STI Clinics and Implications for the Preexposure Prophylaxis Continuum. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45:50-5.
PubMed Abstract»Buchacz K, Klausner JD, Kerndt PR, et al. HIV incidence among men diagnosed with early syphilis in Atlanta, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, 2004 to 2005. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47:234-40.
PubMed Abstract»Cohen SE, Vittinghoff E, Bacon O, et al. High interest in preexposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men at risk for HIV infection: baseline data from the US PrEP demonstration project. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68:439-48.
PubMed Abstract»Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect. 1999;75:3-17.
PubMed Abstract»Hoover KW, Ham DC, Peters PJ, Smith DK, Bernstein KT. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention With Preexposure Prophylaxis in Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics. Sex Transm Dis. 2016;43:277-82.
PubMed Abstract»Hoover KW, Parsell BW, Leichliter JS, et al. Continuing Need for Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics After the Affordable Care Act. Am J Public Health. 2015;105 Suppl 5:S690-5.
PubMed Abstract»Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Thomas R. Eng, William T. Butler, editors. The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1997.
PubMed Abstract»Johnston C, Corey L. Current Concepts for Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection: Diagnostics and Pathogenesis of Genital Tract Shedding. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29:149-61.
PubMed Abstract»Jones J, Weiss K, Mermin J, et al. Proportion of Incident Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cases Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Attributable to Gonorrhea and Chlamydia: A Modeling Analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2019;46:357-63.
PubMed Abstract»Kasaie P, Berry SA, Shah MS, et al. Impact of Providing Preexposure Prophylaxis for Human Immunodeficiency Virus at Clinics for Sexually Transmitted Infections in Baltimore City: An Agent-based Model. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45:791-7.
PubMed Abstract»Katz DA, Dombrowski JC, Barry M, Spellman D, Bell TR, Golden MR. STD Partner Services to Monitor and Promote HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Use Among Men Who Have Sex With Men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;80:533-41.
PubMed Abstract»Katz DA, Dombrowski JC, Bell TR, Kerani RP, Golden MR. HIV Incidence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men After Diagnosis With Sexually Transmitted Infections. Sex Transm Dis. 2016;43:249-54.
PubMed Abstract»Kelley CF, Vaughan AS, Luisi N, et al. The Effect of High Rates of Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections on HIV Incidence in a Cohort of Black and White Men Who Have Sex with Men in Atlanta, Georgia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2015;31:587-92.
PubMed Abstract»Liu A, Cohen S, Follansbee S, et al. Early experiences implementing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention in San Francisco. PLoS Med. 2014;11:e1001613.
PubMed Abstract»Liu AY, Cohen SE, Vittinghoff E, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Infection Integrated With Municipal- and Community-Based Sexual Health Services. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:75-84.
PubMed Abstract»Looker KJ, Rönn MM, Brock PM, et al. Evidence of synergistic relationships between HIV and Human Papillomavirus (HPV): systematic reviews and meta-analyses of longitudinal studies of HPV acquisition and clearance by HIV status, and of HIV acquisition by HPV status. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018;21:e25110.
PubMed Abstract»Masha SC, Cools P, Sanders EJ, Vaneechoutte M, Crucitti T. Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV infection acquisition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2019;95:36-42.
PubMed Abstract»Myer L, Denny L, Telerant R, Souza Md, Wright TC Jr, Kuhn L. Bacterial vaginosis and susceptibility to HIV infection in South African women: a nested case-control study. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:1372-80.
PubMed Abstract»Newman DR, Rahman MM, Brantley A, Peterman TA. Rates of New Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Diagnoses After Reported Sexually Transmitted Infection in Women in Louisiana, 2000-2015: Implications for HIV Prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70:1115-20.
PubMed Abstract»Pathela P, Braunstein SL, Blank S, Schillinger JA. HIV incidence among men with and those without sexually transmitted rectal infections: estimates from matching against an HIV case registry. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:1203-9.
PubMed Abstract»Pathela P, Braunstein SL, Blank S, Shepard C, Schillinger JA. The high risk of an HIV diagnosis following a diagnosis of syphilis: a population-level analysis of New York City men. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:281-7.
PubMed Abstract»Peterman TA, Newman DR, Maddox L, Schmitt K, Shiver S. High risk for HIV following syphilis diagnosis among men in Florida, 2000-2011. Public Health Rep. 2014;129:164-9.
PubMed Abstract»Peterman TA, Newman DR, Maddox L, Schmitt K, Shiver S. Risk for HIV following a diagnosis of syphilis, gonorrhoea or chlamydia: 328,456 women in Florida, 2000-2011. Int J STD AIDS. 2015;26:113-9.
PubMed Abstract»Rietmeijer CA. From Safety Net Providers to Centers of Excellence: The Future of Publicly Funded Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinics in the United States. Sex Transm Dis. 2019;46:137-8.
PubMed Abstract»Seth P, Wang G, Sizemore E, Hogben M. HIV Testing and HIV Service Delivery to Populations at High Risk Attending Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics in the United States, 2011-2013. Am J Public Health. 2015;105:2374-81.
PubMed Abstract»Solomon MM, Mayer KH, Glidden DV, et al. Syphilis predicts HIV incidence among men and transgender women who have sex with men in a preexposure prophylaxis trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:1020-6.
PubMed Abstract»Evidence for Providing HIV PrEP in Sexual Health Clinics
Azariah S, Saxton P, Franklin R, Forster R, Werder S, Jenkins R. NZPrEP Demonstration Project: protocol for an open-label, single-arm trial of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to determine feasibility, acceptability, adverse and behavioural effects of PrEP provision to gay and bisexual men in publicly funded sexual health clinics in Auckland, New Zealand. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e026363.
PubMed Abstract»Brant AR, Dhillon P, Hull S, et al. Integrating HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis into Family Planning Care: A RE-AIM Framework Evaluation. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2020;34:259-66.
PubMed Abstract»Dombrowski JC, Golden MR, Barbee LA, Khosropour CM. Patient Disengagement From an HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Program in a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45:e62-e64.
PubMed Abstract»Knapper C, Birley H, Couzens Z, Jones AT, Parker I. How to do it: setting up a PrEP service in an integrated sexual reproductive health service setting. Sex Transm Infect. 2018;94:327-30.
PubMed Abstract»Liu AY, Cohen SE, Vittinghoff E, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Infection Integrated With Municipal- and Community-Based Sexual Health Services. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:75-84.
PubMed Abstract»Marcus JL, Volk JE, Pinder J, et al. Successful Implementation of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis: Lessons Learned From Three Clinical Settings. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2016;13:116-24.
PubMed Abstract»McCormack S, Dunn DT, Desai M, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial. Lancet. 2016;387:53-60.
PubMed Abstract»Ramchandani MS, Berzkalns A, Cannon CA, et al. A Demedicalized Model to Provide PrEP in a Sexual Health Clinic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2022;90:530-7.
PubMed Abstract»Rolle CP, Onwubiko U, Jo J, Sheth AN, Kelley CF, Holland DP. PrEP Implementation and Persistence in a County Health Department Setting in Atlanta, GA. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:296-303.
PubMed Abstract»Identifying HIV PrEP Candidates in Sexual Health Clinics
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Digre P, Avoundjian T, Johnson K, et al. Barriers, Facilitators, and Cost of Integrating HIV-Related Activities Into Sexually Transmitted Disease Partner Services in Jackson, Mississippi. Sex Transm Dis. 2021;48:145-51.
PubMed Abstract»Katz DA, Dombrowski JC, Barry M, Spellman D, Bell TR, Golden MR. STD Partner Services to Monitor and Promote HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Use Among Men Who Have Sex With Men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;80:533-41.
PubMed Abstract»Katz DA, Dombrowski JC, Kerani RP, et al. Integrating HIV Testing as an Outcome of STD Partner Services for Men Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2016;30:208-14.
PubMed Abstract»Storholm ED, Siconolfi D, Huang W, et al. Project SLIP: Implementation of a PrEP Screening and Linkage Intervention in Primary Care. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2348-57.
PubMed Abstract»Identifying and Addressing Barriers in Sexual Health Clinics
Mayer KH, Chan PA, R Patel R, Flash CA, Krakower DS. Evolving Models and Ongoing Challenges for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Implementation in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;77:119-27.
PubMed Abstract»Optimizing Implementation of HIV PrEP in Sexual Health Clinics
Barbee LA, Khosropour CM, Dombrowksi JC, Golden MR. New Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnosis Independently Associated With Rectal Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in Men Who Have Sex With Men. Sex Transm Dis. 2017;44:385-9.
PubMed Abstract»Bernstein KT, Marcus JL, Nieri G, Philip SS, Klausner JD. Rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia reinfection is associated with increased risk of HIV seroconversion. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;53:537-43.
PubMed Abstract»Flash CA, Adegboyega OO, Yu X, et al. Correlates of Linkage to HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Among HIV-Testing Clients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;77:365-72.
PubMed Abstract»Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect. 1999;75:3-17.
PubMed Abstract»Johnston C, Corey L. Current Concepts for Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection: Diagnostics and Pathogenesis of Genital Tract Shedding. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29:149-61.
PubMed Abstract»Jones J, Weiss K, Mermin J, et al. Proportion of Incident Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cases Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Attributable to Gonorrhea and Chlamydia: A Modeling Analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2019;46:357-63.
PubMed Abstract»Kamis KF, Marx GE, Scott KA, et al. Same-Day HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Initiation During Drop-in Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic Appointments Is a Highly Acceptable, Feasible, and Safe Model that Engages Individuals at Risk for HIV into PrEP Care. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6:ofz310.
PubMed Abstract»Katz DA, Dombrowski JC, Bell TR, Kerani RP, Golden MR. HIV Incidence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men After Diagnosis With Sexually Transmitted Infections. Sex Transm Dis. 2016;43:249-54.
PubMed Abstract»Looker KJ, Rönn MM, Brock PM, et al. Evidence of synergistic relationships between HIV and Human Papillomavirus (HPV): systematic reviews and meta-analyses of longitudinal studies of HPV acquisition and clearance by HIV status, and of HIV acquisition by HPV status. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018;21:e25110.
PubMed Abstract»Masha SC, Cools P, Sanders EJ, Vaneechoutte M, Crucitti T. Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV infection acquisition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2019;95:36-42.
PubMed Abstract»Myer L, Denny L, Telerant R, Souza Md, Wright TC Jr, Kuhn L. Bacterial vaginosis and susceptibility to HIV infection in South African women: a nested case-control study. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:1372-80.
PubMed Abstract»Napierala Mavedzenge S, Weiss HA. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium and HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2009;23:611-20.
PubMed Abstract»O'Byrne P, Vandyk A, Orser L, Haines M. Nurse-led PrEP-RN clinic: a prospective cohort study exploring task-Shifting HIV prevention to public health nurses. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e040817.
PubMed Abstract»OʼByrne P, MacPherson P, Orser L, Jacob JD, Holmes D. PrEP-RN: Clinical Considerations and Protocols for Nurse-Led PrEP. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30:301-11.
PubMed Abstract»Pathela P, Braunstein SL, Blank S, Schillinger JA. HIV incidence among men with and those without sexually transmitted rectal infections: estimates from matching against an HIV case registry. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:1203-9.
PubMed Abstract»Pathela P, Jamison K, Blank S, Daskalakis D, Hedberg T, Borges C. The HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Cascade at NYC Sexual Health Clinics: Navigation Is the Key to Uptake. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;83:357-64.
PubMed Abstract»Peterman TA, Newman DR, Maddox L, Schmitt K, Shiver S. Risk for HIV following a diagnosis of syphilis, gonorrhoea or chlamydia: 328,456 women in Florida, 2000-2011. Int J STD AIDS. 2015;26:113-9.
PubMed Abstract»Ramchandani MS, Berzkalns A, Cannon CA, et al. A Demedicalized Model to Provide PrEP in a Sexual Health Clinic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2022;90:530-7.
PubMed Abstract»Schmidt HA, McIver R, Houghton R, et al. Nurse-led pre-exposure prophylaxis: a non-traditional model to provide HIV prevention in a resource-constrained, pragmatic clinical trial. Sex Health. 2018;15:595-7.
PubMed Abstract»Solomon MM, Mayer KH, Glidden DV, et al. Syphilis predicts HIV incidence among men and transgender women who have sex with men in a preexposure prophylaxis trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:1020-6.
PubMed Abstract»Spinelli MA, Scott HM, Vittinghoff E, et al. Brief Report: A Panel Management and Patient Navigation Intervention Is Associated With Earlier PrEP Initiation in a Safety-Net Primary Care Health System. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;79:347-51.
PubMed Abstract»Underhill K, Morrow KM, Colleran CM, et al. Access to healthcare, HIV/STI testing, and preferred pre-exposure prophylaxis providers among men who have sex with men and men who engage in street-based sex work in the US. PLoS One. 2014;9:e112425.
PubMed Abstract»Zhao N, Li KT, Gao YY, Xu JJ, Huang DS. Mycoplasma Genitalium and Mycoplasma Hominis are prevalent and correlated with HIV risk in MSM: a cross-sectional study in Shenyang, China. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19:494.
PubMed Abstract»HIV PrEP Follow-Up and Ongoing Care
Biello KB, Horvitz C, Mullin S, et al. HIV self-testing and STI self-collection via mobile apps: experiences from two pilot randomized controlled trials of young men who have sex with men. Mhealth. 2021;7:26.
PubMed Abstract»Cannon CA, Ramchandani MS, Golden MR. Feasibility of a novel self-collection method for blood samples and its acceptability for future home-based PrEP monitoring. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22:459.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Knapper C, Birley H, Couzens Z, Jones AT, Parker I. How to do it: setting up a PrEP service in an integrated sexual reproductive health service setting. Sex Transm Infect. 2018;94:327-30.
PubMed Abstract»Liu AY, Vittinghoff E, von Felten P, et al. Randomized Controlled Trial of a Mobile Health Intervention to Promote Retention and Adherence to Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Young People at Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The EPIC Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:2010-17.
PubMed Abstract»Moore DJ, Jain S, Dubé MP, et al. Randomized Controlled Trial of Daily Text Messages to Support Adherence to Preexposure Prophylaxis in Individuals at Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The TAPIR Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66:1566-72.
PubMed Abstract»Sharma A, Gandhi M, Sallabank G, Merrill L, Stephenson R. Study Evaluating Self-Collected Specimen Return for HIV, Bacterial STI, and Potential Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adherence Testing Among Sexual Minority Men in the United States. Am J Mens Health. 2022;16:15579883221115591.
PubMed Abstract»Shrestha R, Altice FL, DiDomizio E, Sibilio B, Ranjit YS, Copenhaver MM. Feasibility and Acceptability of an mHealth-Based Approach as an HIV Prevention Strategy Among People Who Use Drugs on Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2020;14:107-18.
PubMed Abstract»Summary Points
Bhatia R, Modali L, Lowther M, et al. Outcomes of Preexposure Prophylaxis Referrals From Public STI Clinics and Implications for the Preexposure Prophylaxis Continuum. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45:50-5.
PubMed Abstract»Cohen SE, Vittinghoff E, Bacon O, et al. High interest in preexposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men at risk for HIV infection: baseline data from the US PrEP demonstration project. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68:439-48.
PubMed Abstract»Hoover KW, Ham DC, Peters PJ, Smith DK, Bernstein KT. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention With Preexposure Prophylaxis in Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics. Sex Transm Dis. 2016;43:277-82.
PubMed Abstract»Hoover KW, Parsell BW, Leichliter JS, et al. Continuing Need for Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics After the Affordable Care Act. Am J Public Health. 2015;105 Suppl 5:S690-5.
PubMed Abstract»Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Thomas R. Eng, William T. Butler, editors. The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1997.
PubMed Abstract»Kasaie P, Berry SA, Shah MS, et al. Impact of Providing Preexposure Prophylaxis for Human Immunodeficiency Virus at Clinics for Sexually Transmitted Infections in Baltimore City: An Agent-based Model. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45:791-7.
PubMed Abstract»Liu A, Cohen S, Follansbee S, et al. Early experiences implementing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention in San Francisco. PLoS Med. 2014;11:e1001613.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Chan PA, R Patel R, Flash CA, Krakower DS. Evolving Models and Ongoing Challenges for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Implementation in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;77:119-27.
PubMed Abstract»Seth P, Wang G, Sizemore E, Hogben M. HIV Testing and HIV Service Delivery to Populations at High Risk Attending Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics in the United States, 2011-2013. Am J Public Health. 2015;105:2374-81.
PubMed Abstract»Additional References
Anderson MS, Gilmartin J, Cilissen C, et al. Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of doravirine, a novel HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, after single and multiple doses in healthy subjects. Antivir Ther. 2015;20:397-405.
PubMed Abstract»Anderson MS, Gilmartin J, Fan L, et al. No meaningful drug interactions with doravirine, lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate coadministration. Antivir Ther. 2019;24:443-50.
PubMed Abstract»Anderson MS, Khalilieh S, Yee KL, et al. A Two-Way Steady-State Pharmacokinetic Interaction Study of Doravirine (MK-1439) and Dolutegravir. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017;56:661-9.
PubMed Abstract»Asante-Appiah E, Lai J, Wan H, et al. Impact of HIV-1 Resistance-Associated Mutations on Susceptibility to Doravirine: Analysis of Real-World Clinical Isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021;65:e0121621.
PubMed Abstract»Barbee LA, Khosropour CM, Dombrowksi JC, Golden MR. New Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnosis Independently Associated With Rectal Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in Men Who Have Sex With Men. Sex Transm Dis. 2017;44:385-9.
PubMed Abstract»Behm MO, Yee KL, Liu R, Levine V, Panebianco D, Fackler P. The Effect of Food on Doravirine Bioavailability: Results from Two Pharmacokinetic Studies in Healthy Subjects. Clin Drug Investig. 2017;37:571-579.
PubMed Abstract»Benson CA, Williams PL, Cohn DL, et al. Clarithromycin or rifabutin alone or in combination for primary prophylaxis of Mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with AIDS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group 196/Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS 009 Protocol Team. J Infect Dis. 2000;181:1289-97.
PubMed Abstract»Bhatia R, Modali L, Lowther M, et al. Outcomes of Preexposure Prophylaxis Referrals From Public STI Clinics and Implications for the Preexposure Prophylaxis Continuum. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45:50-5.
PubMed Abstract»Blevins SR, Hester EK, Chastain DB, Cluck DB. Doravirine: A Return of the NNRTI Class? Ann Pharmacother. 2019;:1060028019869641.
PubMed Abstract»Boyle A, Moss CE, Marzolini C, Khoo S. Clinical Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, and Drug Interaction Profile of Doravirine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2019;58:1553-65.
PubMed Abstract»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2021 Update: a clinical practice guideline. December 2021:1-108.
CDC»Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core indicators for monitoring the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative (preliminary data): National HIV Surveillance System data reported through September 2022; and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) data reported through June 2023. HIV Surveillance Data Tables 2023;4(No. 4). Published December 2023.
CDC»Chan PA, Glynn TR, Oldenburg CE, et al. Implementation of Preexposure Prophylaxis for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention Among Men Who Have Sex With Men at a New England Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic. Sex Transm Dis. 2016;43:717-23.
PubMed Abstract»Feng M, Sachs NA, Xu M, et al. Doravirine Suppresses Common Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Associated Mutants at Clinically Relevant Concentrations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:2241-7.
PubMed Abstract»Feng M, Wang D, Grobler JA, Hazuda DJ, Miller MD, Lai MT. In vitro resistance selection with doravirine (MK-1439), a novel nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with distinct mutation development pathways. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:590-8.
PubMed Abstract»Flash CA, Adegboyega OO, Yu X, et al. Correlates of Linkage to HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Among HIV-Testing Clients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;77:365-72.
PubMed Abstract»Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect. 1999;75:3-17.
PubMed Abstract»Gatell JM, Morales-Ramirez JO, Hagins DP, et al. Doravirine dose selection and 96-week safety and efficacy versus efavirenz in antiretroviral therapy-naive adults with HIV-1 infection in a Phase IIb trial. Antivir Ther. 2019;24:425-35.
PubMed Abstract»Gatell JM, Morales-Ramirez JO, Hagins DP, et al. Forty-eight-week efficacy and safety and early CNS tolerability of doravirine (MK-1439), a novel NNRTI, with TDF/FTC in ART-naive HIV-positive patients. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014;17:19532.
PubMed Abstract»Greaves W, Wan H, Yee KL, Kandala B, Vaddady P, Hwang C. Doravirine exposure and HIV-1 suppression after switching from an efavirenz-based regimen to doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019. pii: AAC.01298-19.
PubMed Abstract»Havlir DV, Dube MP, Sattler FR, et al. Prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex with weekly azithromycin, daily rifabutin, or both. California Collaborative Treatment Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:392-8.
PubMed Abstract»Hojilla JC, Vlahov D, Crouch PC, Dawson-Rose C, Freeborn K, Carrico A. HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake and Retention Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in a Community-Based Sexual Health Clinic. AIDS Behav. 2018;22:1096-9.
PubMed Abstract»Johnson M, Kumar P, Molina JM, et al. Switching to Doravirine/Lamivudine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (DOR/3TC/TDF) Maintains HIV-1 Virologic Suppression Through 48 Weeks: Results of the DRIVE-SHIFT Trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;81:463-72.
PubMed Abstract»Kamis KF, Marx GE, Scott KA, et al. Same-Day HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Initiation During Drop-in Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic Appointments Is a Highly Acceptable, Feasible, and Safe Model that Engages Individuals at Risk for HIV into PrEP Care. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6:ofz310.
PubMed Abstract»Khalilieh S, Yee KL, Sanchez RI, et al. Results of a Doravirine-Atorvastatin Drug-Drug Interaction Study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61:e01364-16.
PubMed Abstract»Khalilieh SG, Yee KL, Fan L, et al. A Randomized Trial to Assess the Effect of Doravirine on the QTc Interval Using a Single Supratherapeutic Dose in Healthy Adult Volunteers. Clin Drug Investig. 2017;37:975-984.
PubMed Abstract»Khalilieh SG, Yee KL, Sanchez RI, et al. Multiple Doses of Rifabutin Reduce Exposure of Doravirine in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;58:1044-52.
PubMed Abstract»Liu AY, Cohen SE, Vittinghoff E, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Infection Integrated With Municipal- and Community-Based Sexual Health Services. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:75-84.
PubMed Abstract»Liu AY, Vittinghoff E, von Felten P, et al. Randomized Controlled Trial of a Mobile Health Intervention to Promote Retention and Adherence to Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Young People at Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The EPIC Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:2010-17.
PubMed Abstract»Martin EA, Lai MT, Ngo W, et al. Review of Doravirine Resistance Patterns Identified in Participants During Clinical Development. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;85:635-42.
PubMed Abstract»Mayer KH, Chan PA, R Patel R, Flash CA, Krakower DS. Evolving Models and Ongoing Challenges for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Implementation in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;77:119-27.
PubMed Abstract»McColl DJ, Margot NA, Wulfsohn M, Coakley DF, Cheng AK, Miller MD. Patterns of resistance emerging in HIV-1 from antiretroviral-experienced patients undergoing intensification therapy with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;37:1340-50.
PubMed Abstract»Molina JM, Squires K, Sax PE, et al. Doravirine versus ritonavir-boosted darunavir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 (DRIVE-FORWARD): 48-week results of a randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet HIV. 2018;5:e211-e220.
PubMed Abstract»Molina JM, Squires K, Sax PE, et al. Doravirine versus ritonavir-boosted darunavir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 (DRIVE-FORWARD): 96-week results of a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet HIV. 2020;7:e16-e26.
PubMed Abstract»Montaño MA, Dombrowski JC, Dasgupta S, et al. Changes in Sexual Behavior and STI Diagnoses Among MSM Initiating PrEP in a Clinic Setting. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:548-55.
PubMed Abstract»Orkin C, Squires KE, Molina JM, et al. Doravirine/Lamivudine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate is Non-inferior to Efavirenz/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Treatment-naive Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection: Week 48 Results of the DRIVE-AHEAD Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:535-44.
PubMed Abstract»Panel on Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Mycobacterium avium complex disease. Updated: February 15, 2019.
HIV.gov»Pathela P, Jamison K, Blank S, Daskalakis D, Hedberg T, Borges C. The HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Cascade at NYC Sexual Health Clinics: Navigation Is the Key to Uptake. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;83:357-64.
PubMed Abstract»Pathela P, Jamison K, Braunstein SL, Schillinger JA, Varma JK, Blank S. Incidence and Predictors of HIV Infection Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Attending Public Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics, New York City, 2007-2012. AIDS Behav. 2017;21:1444-51.
PubMed Abstract»Pierce M, Crampton S, Henry D, et al. A randomized trial of clarithromycin as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:384-91.
PubMed Abstract»Ramchandani MS, Berzkalns A, Cannon CA, et al. A Demedicalized Model to Provide PrEP in a Sexual Health Clinic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2022;90:530-7.
PubMed Abstract»Sanchez RI, Fillgrove KL, Yee KL, et al. Characterisation of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and mass balance of doravirine, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor in humans. Xenobiotica. 2019;49:422-32.
PubMed Abstract»Schürmann D, Sobotha C, Gilmartin J, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, short-term monotherapy study of doravirine in treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals. AIDS. 2016;30:57-63.
PubMed Abstract»Sharma M, Chris A, Chan A, et al. Decentralizing the delivery of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) through family physicians and sexual health clinic nurses: a dissemination and implementation study protocol. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18:513.
PubMed Abstract»Smith SJ, Pauly GT, Akram A, et al. Rilpivirine and Doravirine Have Complementary Efficacies Against NNRTI-Resistant HIV-1 Mutants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;72:485-91.
PubMed Abstract»Squires K, Pozniak AL, Pierone G Jr, et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in nucleoside-resistant HIV-1 infection: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:313-20.
PubMed Abstract»Thompson M, Orkin C, Molina JM, et al. Once-daily Doravirine for Initial Treatment of Adults Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1: An Integrated Safety Analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70:1336-1343.
PubMed Abstract»Tordoff DM, Barbee LA, Khosropour CM, Hughes JP, Golden MR. Derivation and Validation of an HIV Risk Prediction Score Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men to Inform PrEP Initiation in an STD Clinic Setting. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;85:263-71.
PubMed Abstract»Wilby KJ, Eissa NA. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug Interactions of Doravirine. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2018;43:637-44.
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